Beam Background Monitors for the Belle II Experiment

贝儿II实验将位于日本筑波的KEK实验室的SuperKEKB e+电子对撞机上。它是成功的贝儿和BaBar实验的继承者，这两个实验因其对CP破坏现象的贡献而获得2008年诺贝尔物理学奖。贝儿II的主要物理学目标是通过对重虚粒子存在敏感的广泛测量来寻找新物理学的证据，并且可以在标准模型中精确预测。这些测量可以包括CP破坏和其他不对称性，罕见衰变或禁止衰变。 这些测量的质量范围可以超过ATLAS和CMS的直接搜索。如果在大型强子对撞机上发现了新的物理学，贝儿二号就可以通过寻找一种偏离标准模型的模式来探索它的本质，而这种偏离在强子对撞机上是不可行的。如果LHC没有发现新的物理学，贝儿II测量将通过发现新的现象和偏离标准模型的预期，或者通过排除新物理学的假设模型，为超越标准模型的理论提供关键的指导。贝儿II还将对新的光粒子的直接产生敏感，包括暗物质的暗扇区模型预测的那些粒子，或额外的希格斯粒子，这些粒子将难以在大型强子对撞机上检测到。该实验还将继续探索弱力和CP破坏，这是BaBar和贝儿成功遵循的计划。 所要求的资金将使加拿大小组能够开发和提供永久性硬件，用于在贝儿II电磁量能计附近进行快速实时SuperKEKB束背景监测。该系统将由LYSO晶体组成，这些晶体具有抗辐射性，并具有快速的定时响应，从而为加速器操作员提供对快速变化的注入背景的敏感性，这些注入背景表现为多种粒子类型。在贝儿II实验的运行周期的寿命系统的操作寿命将通过使用一组光导来实现，以允许一个单一的多路复用的光倍增组件，以提供信号读出的位置与减少辐射和磁场水平，远离嵌入在电磁量能计的屏蔽内的背景探测器。 这项研究将促进世界范围内对我们宇宙中物质基本成分的粒子物理学知识。加拿大在这一请求中设计和制造的硬件将构成贝儿II试验的一部分，并将为高素质人员提供独特的培训，这些人员的能力得到加强，有助于加拿大今后在私营和公共部门获得知识和进行经济上有益的创新。

The Belle II experiment will be located at the SuperKEKB e+e- collider at the KEK laboratory in Tsukuba, Japan. It is the successor to the successful Belle and BaBar experiments, which were cited for their contributions to the phenomenon of CP violation in the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics. The primary physics goal of Belle II is to search for evidence of new physics through a wide range of measurements that are sensitive to the presence of heavy virtual particles, and that can be precisely predicted in the Standard Model. These measurements could include CP violation and other asymmetries, rare decays, or forbidden decays. The mass reach of these measurements can exceed that of the direct searches by ATLAS and CMS. If new physics is found at the LHC, Belle II can explore its nature by looking for a pattern of deviations from the Standard Model in ways that are not feasible at a hadron collider. If new physics is not discovered at the LHC, Belle II measurements will provide critical guidance towards beyond-the-standard-model theories by either discovering new phenomena and deviations from Standard Model expectations, or by excluding hypothesized models of new physics. Belle II will also be sensitive to the direct production of new light particles, including those predicted by dark sector models of dark matter, or additional Higgs particles, particles that will be difficult to detect at the LHC. The experiment will also continue the exploration of the weak force and CP violation, a program successfully followed by BaBar and Belle. The funds requested will enable the Canadian group to develop and provide permanent hardware for fast real-time SuperKEKB-beam background monitoring in the vicinity of the Belle II electromagnetic calorimeter. The system will consist of LYSO crystals, which are radiation hard and have fast-timing responses, thereby providing accelerator operators with sensitivity to quickly varying injection backgrounds manifesting in multiple particle types. Longevity of the system's operations over the lifetime of the Belle II experiment's run periods will be achieved by using a set of light guides to permit a single multiplexed photo-multiplication component to provide signal readout in a location with reduced radiation and magnetic-field levels, remote from the background detectors embedded inside the electromagnetic calorimeter's shielding. This research will further worldwide particle-physics knowledge of the fundamental constituents of matter in our Universe. The Canadian designed and built hardware in this request will constitute a part of the Belle II experiment and will provide unique training of highly qualified personnel, individuals with enhanced capacity to contribute to future Canadian knowledge acquisition and economically beneficial innovation in the private and public sectors.