Mechanism and Structural Dynamics of Translation

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Understanding and describing the dynamic properties underlying the design of macromolecular machines is a current frontier in biophysical research and biomolecular engineering. The proposed research focuses on the cellular components that are part of the cells machinery to decode genetic information and to synthesize functional proteins during a process called translation. Translation takes part at the ribosome, a large macromolecular complex that is essential to all living cells. The ribosome is composed of proteins and RNAs, the two major classes of functional biomolecules. Structural studies have revealed that the ribosome is a highly dynamic biomolecular assembly line in which the two key functions (peptide-bond formation and decoding) seem to be carried out solely by RNA. However, for the rapid and accurate translation observed in living cells, additional protein factors are required. Initiation (IF) and release factors (RF) are involved in initiation and termination of protein synthesis, whereas elongation factors (EF) are required for the cyclic process of peptide chain elongation. Many of these translation factors are nucleotide hydrolases that function as molecular switches, responding to a particular input signal with a specific output. The dynamics of these information processing and decision-making events is of great interest for our understanding of translation and the design principles underlying the performance of biomolecular machines. We are just beginning to understand how the design of highly dynamic networks relaying information at the molecular scale is involved in molecular process such as translation. The proposed research will therefore target these communication networks and provide molecular tools enabling their detailed analysis.