Neuroelectronic and optogenetic stimulation for the precise control of corticospinal plasticity

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Through neuroplasticity, the adult brain has the wonderful ability to continually adapt and form new circuits. We take advantage of this phenomenon when we memorize a text or when we practice a musical instrument. As the phrase "practice makes perfect” illustrates, repeating an activity is the key element that allows its consolidation. Several studies have shown that the repetition of neural activity can lead to synaptic potentiation following the principles identified by Hebb more than sixty years ago, often summarized as "neurons that fire together, wire together”. Despite progress in our understanding of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, we still understand very little about the principles underlying its expression in large-scale in vivo systems.