Placental hormones and adaptability of feto-maternal physiology

胎盘哺乳动物的生活史涉及子宫内母亲和幼崽之间复杂的相互作用。胎盘运输营养物质和气体，但母亲在怀孕期间经历了新陈代谢、大脑和行为以及血液系统的深刻适应，以支持胎儿的生长。来自胎盘的激素通常被视为胎儿和母亲之间资源分配的调节器，但该系统的复杂性只有在现代基因组学中才变得清晰——胎盘表达了数十种激素，但它们正在迅速进化。人类胎盘表达80个多肽激素基因，其中4个是由生长激素（GH）基因的复制而产生的胎盘特异性基因，而其他76个基因反映了胎盘特异性激素基因的增强子或启动子的进化，否则在脑、肾和脂肪中表达。小鼠胎盘表达40个多肽激素基因，其中22个是通过泌乳素（Prl）基因的复制产生的（生长激素基因在小鼠中没有复制）。在绵羊中，GH和Prl基因都有复制，而在狗中这两个基因都没有复制。尽管基因组存在差异，但人类、老鼠、羊和狗都具有母性生理适应性。我们的

The life history of placental mammals involves a complex interplay between mother and her young within the uterus. The placenta transports nutrients and gases but the mother undergoes profound adaptations in her metabolic, brain and behavior, and blood systems during gestation to support fetal growth. Hormones from the placenta are often viewed as regulators in the allocation of resources between fetus and mother, but the complexity of the system is only becoming clear from modern genomics - there are dozens of hormones expressed by the placenta but they are rapidly evolving. The human placenta expresses 80 polypeptide hormone genes, four of which are placenta-specific arising from duplication of the Growth Hormone (GH) gene while the other 76 genes reflect evolution of placenta-specific enhancers or promoters in canonical hormone genes otherwise expressed in brain, kidney and fat. The mouse placenta expresses 40 polypeptide hormone genes, 22 of which arose through duplication of the Prolactin (Prl) gene (the GH gene is not duplicated in mice). In sheep, both the GH and Prl genes are duplicated whereas neither gene is duplicated in dogs. Despite the genome differences, humans, mice, sheep and dogs share maternal physiological adaptations. Our