Evolution of hormones regulating feto-maternal physiology

调节胎儿-母体生理学的激素的进化

• 批准号: RGPIN-2015-05700
• 负责人: Cross, James
• 金额: $ 1.75万
• 依托单位: University of Calgary
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2015-01-01 至 2016-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=590586
• 关键词: Evolution; hormones; regulating; feto; maternal

The life history of mammals involves a complex interplay in physiology between mother and her developing young within the uterus. The placenta transports nutrients and gases but the mother also undergoes profound adaptations in her metabolic, brain and behavior, blood and immune systems during gestation to support fetal growth. For example, insulin resistance occurs in mothers during normal pregnancy in order to help promote delivery of glucose to the fetus. A compensatory increase in maternal pancreatic beta cells and capacity to produce insulin normally protects mothers from becoming diabetic. Hormones from the placenta are often viewed as agents in a ‘genetic conflict’ between the fetus and mother over metabolic resources. Genome sequence and gene expression studies indicate that there are dozens of different hormones expressed by the placenta but the system is very rapidly evolving. For example, the human placenta expresses over 80 polypeptide hormone genes whereas rodents express only 40. Four of the human placenta-expressed hormones are placenta-specific arising from duplication of the Growth Hormone (GH) gene. The other 76 hormone genes reflect evolution of placenta-specific enhancers and/or promoters in a variety of canonical hormone genes that are otherwise expressed in tissues like the brain, gut, kidney and fat. The situation in mice is different as 22 of the 40 hormones arose through duplication of the Prolactin gene (the GH gene is not duplicated in mice). Our l

哺乳动物的生活史涉及到母亲和她在子宫内发育的幼崽之间复杂的生理相互作用。胎盘运输营养物质和气体，但母亲在怀孕期间也会在代谢、大脑和行为、血液和免疫系统方面经历深刻的适应，以支持胎儿的生长。例如，在正常怀孕期间，母亲会出现胰岛素抵抗，以帮助促进葡萄糖向胎儿的输送。正常情况下，母亲胰腺β细胞和产生胰岛素的能力的代偿性增加可以保护母亲免受糖尿病的侵袭。来自胎盘的荷尔蒙通常被认为是胎儿和母亲之间围绕新陈代谢资源的“基因冲突”的诱因。基因组序列和基因表达研究表明，胎盘表达了数十种不同的激素，但这个系统进化得非常快。例如，人类胎盘表达了80多个多肽激素基因，而啮齿动物只表达了40个。人类胎盘表达的激素中有四种是胎盘特有的，源于生长激素(GH)基因的复制。其他76个激素基因反映了各种典型激素基因中胎盘特异性增强子和/或启动子的进化，这些基因原本在大脑、肠道、肾脏和脂肪等组织中表达。老鼠的情况有所不同，因为40种荷尔蒙中有22种是通过复制催乳素基因产生的(生长激素基因在老鼠身上没有复制)。我们的L