Spatio-temporal-polarization control of ultrafast laser interactions

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Nanoscience and nanotechnology are evolving with the new physical laws encountered as the structures and devices we make become smaller. Quantum-level effects manifest in new ways to manipulate electrical, magnetic, optical, mechanical – virtually all – properties of materials in surprising but exceedingly useful ways. Optical physics and quantum optics have embodied these trends to push resolving power well below the classical diffraction limit in areas of near-field, confocal, plasmatronic and multi-photon microscopy, prodding an Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014 for super-resolution optical microscopy. Such tools are opening the frontiers of nanoscience by enabling the formation, interrogation and manipulation of nanostructures down to the size of single molecules while laser projection lithography has come to define the nanotechnology forefront for high-volume manufacturing of microelectronic chips with transistor gate widths of 10 nm – just a few atoms thick (TSMC, 2017).