From Quantum Communication to Quantum Internet

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It has been said that the human desire to keep written material a secret is almost as old as writing itself. With the rise of the Internet, the importance of encryption is growing. Unfortunately, conventional encryption schemes are often based on computational assumptions and are therefore vulnerable to unanticipated advances in algorithms and hardware including quantum computing. Fortunately, quantum cryptography offers unconditional security---the Holy Grail of secure communication---based on the laws of physics. Quantum cryptographic networks are currently being built in countries such as China and the UK. Nonetheless, there is a big gap between the theory and practice of quantum cryptography. Quantum hacking threatens the security of practical quantum key distribution systems.