Strong notions of nonclassicality: experimental signatures and applications

量子理论是大多数现代物理学的基础，但对于它在概念上与经典理论的区别仍然没有共识。这个问题不是学术性的。对于许多任务，特别是在密码学和计算方面，量子协议的性能优于经典协议，但对量子理论的糟糕直觉阻碍了我们利用其力量的能力。这个问题对于跨学科研究来说也很尖锐，因为物理学的不同分支经常使用量子理论的公式，这些公式在定义经典性的方法上有所不同。最后，在量子效应被认为是重要的新兴领域，如量子生物学和量子机器学习，仍然不清楚必须证明什么才能证明给定的现象抵制经典解释。所有这一切都表明，需要一个超越领域和公式的非经典统一理论。

Quantum theory underlies most of modern physics, but there is still no consensus about the manner in which it departs conceptually from classical theories. The question is not academic. For many tasks -- in particular in cryptography and computation -- quantum protocols outperform their classical counterparts, but poor intuitions about quantum theory impede our ability to harness its power. The problem is also acute for interdisciplinary research, as different branches of physics often use formulations of quantum theory that differ in their approaches to defining classicality. Finally, in emerging fields where quantum effects are thought to be significant, such as quantum biology and quantum machine learning, it remains unclear what must be demonstrated to establish that a given phenomenon resists classical explanation. All of this points to the need for a unified theory of nonclassicality that transcends fields and formulations.