Scour at culvert outlets under ice cover and ice jam conditions

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One of the major considerations in the design and construction of a highway system is the conveyance of tributary drainage through a culvert system. The investigation of scour by swift-flowing water at culvert outlets has been on-going for several decades. Various studies have examined many scour parameters that affect the degree of erosion; however, there is limited research on culvert outlet design and scour control in cold regions. Culverts may become fully inlet-covered in rigid winter climates and may also face ice jamming in early spring, which can result in embankment flooding and excessive scour. Additionally, due to the extra boundary imposed by ice cover and ice jam, the flow field inside the culvert is different from that under open channel conditions. Excessive scour at culvert outlets due to ice cover and ice jamming cancause embankment flooding, which can result in highway failure. Theimpact of covered and jammed culvert inlets has never been addressedexperimentally. Furthermore, there are no available experimental ornumerical simulations to investigate the flow profiles inside theculvert under covered conditions.