Scour at culvert outlets under ice cover and ice jam conditions

在公路系统的设计和施工中，主要考虑的问题之一是通过涵洞系统输送支流排水。涵洞出水口急水流冲刷的研究已经进行了几十年。各种研究已经检查了许多影响侵蚀程度的冲刷参数；然而，对寒区涵洞出口设计及冲蚀控制的研究较少。在寒冷的冬季，涵洞可能完全被入口覆盖，在早春也可能面临冰堵塞，这可能导致路堤洪水和过度冲刷。此外，由于冰覆盖和冰塞的附加边界，涵洞内的流场与明渠条件下的流场不同。涵洞出水口因冰雪覆盖和冰堵造成的过度冲刷会导致路堤淹水，进而导致公路破坏。覆盖和堵塞涵洞入口的影响从未在实验中得到解决。此外，还没有可用的实验或数值模拟来研究覆盖条件下涵洞内的流动曲线。

One of the major considerations in the design and construction of a highway system is the conveyance of tributary drainage through a culvert system. The investigation of scour by swift-flowing water at culvert outlets has been on-going for several decades. Various studies have examined many scour parameters that affect the degree of erosion; however, there is limited research on culvert outlet design and scour control in cold regions. Culverts may become fully inlet-covered in rigid winter climates and may also face ice jamming in early spring, which can result in embankment flooding and excessive scour. Additionally, due to the extra boundary imposed by ice cover and ice jam, the flow field inside the culvert is different from that under open channel conditions. Excessive scour at culvert outlets due to ice cover and ice jamming cancause embankment flooding, which can result in highway failure. Theimpact of covered and jammed culvert inlets has never been addressedexperimentally. Furthermore, there are no available experimental ornumerical simulations to investigate the flow profiles inside theculvert under covered conditions.