Integrating context into decision making

世界上的适应性行为需要整合来自多个来源的相关信息，并利用这些信息为决策过程提供信息。重要的是，个人如何以最佳方式整合这些信息源取决于多种因素，如环境因素、当前需求状态和考虑过的目标。这个项目的目的是了解人脑如何表示背景和嵌入背景的决策线索，这些信息源被整合以驱动选择的过程，以及如何根据这些背景对结果进行估值。在这个建议中，我们扩展了以前的工作，考虑了人们如何使用内部(当前需要状态)和外部上下文线索(环境中的负担)来修改线索的估值以指导选择，以及这些信号如何在时间上动态展开。具体地说，我们研究(A)关于不断变化的需求/目标的信息是如何在大脑中呈现的，(B)这些需求/目标如何调节估值过程，(C)这些神经价值信号如何预测个人的选择，以及(D)人们如何发现环境的变化来指导这些过程。第一个项目将研究人们如何以及何时在不同的目标之间进行选择，而多个目标必须根据不断变化的需求进行平衡。人们经常需要在多个目标之间进行选择，并适当地调整行动和评估。解决这一问题的一种方法是将不同类型的目标组织成一个目标层次结构，其中较高级别的目标是最大化某种形式的回报(例如，在一个人的职业生涯中晋升，建立一个更大的社交网络)。评估可能的行动或目标可以基于它们对更高级别目标的加权相对重要性，这也可能取决于环境需求或当前需求等因素。通过使用实验室开发的最先进的统计工具，我们将研究与价值相关的大脑系统(腹侧纹状体和腹内侧额前皮质)如何受到需求状态的调节，以及潜在的价值处理神经系统如何塑造人们的选择。此外，我们将调查前额叶区域如何有助于表示需要状态、持有目标的当前价值以及新目标的选择和实施。我们将使用一种新的范式和分析策略来确定有关外部状态的信息如何表示为内部神经上下文，并关键地确定这些信号如何指导选择。然后，我们将利用这些结果来检查人们如何选择探索他们的环境，以明确地建立心理情境模型。我们新颖的实验设计和分析方法将使我们能够明确地将开发当前语境模型的神经过程与与探索语境相关的神经过程分开。

Adaptive behaviour in the world necessitates integrating relevant information from multiple sources and exploiting this information to inform decision processes. Importantly, how an individual optimally integrates these sources of information depends on multiple factors such as environmental factors, current need states, and considered goals. The aim of this project is to understand how the human brain represents contexts and contextually-embedded decision cues, the processes by which these sources of information are integrated to drive choice, and how outcomes are valued with respect to these contexts. In this proposal, we extend previous work by considering how people use internal (current need states) and external context cues (affordances in the environment) to modify the valuation of cues to guide choice, and how these signals unfold dynamically in time. Concretely, we examine (a) how information about changing needs/goals is represented in the brain, (b) how these needs/goals modulate valuation processes, (c) how these neural value signals predict individual choices, and (d) how people discover changes in context to guide these processes.******Four fMRI studies are proposed in two projects. The first project will examine how and when people select between different goals when multiple goals must be balanced based on changing needs. People often need to select between multiple goals and adjust actions and evaluations appropriately. One way to deal with this is by organizing different types of goals into a hierarchy of goals, with the higher-order goal of maximizing some form of reward (e.g. advancing in one's career, building a larger social network). Evaluating possible actions or goals can then be based on their weighted relative importance for higher-order goals, which may also depend on factors such as environmental demands or current needs. By using state-of-the-art statistical tools that have been developed in the lab, we will examine how brain systems involved in value (ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex) may be modulated by need states, and how neural systems underlying value processing shape the choices that people make. Further, we will investigate how prefrontal regions contribute to representing need states, the current value of holding a goal, and the selection and implementation of new goals. We will use a novel paradigm and analytic strategy to determine how information about the external state is represented as an internal neural context, and critically how these signals guide choices. Then we will leverage these results to examine how people chose to explore their environments to explicitly build mental context models. Our novel experimental design and analytic approach will enable us to explicitly dissociate the neural processes underlying the exploitation of a current context model from those associated with the exploration of contexts.***********