The impact of motor experience on object exploration, motor competence, and action understanding

动作的准备和执行是通过感觉系统（我们所看到的）和运动系统（我们如何运动）之间令人印象深刻的相互作用来完成的。此外，我们还结合了我们对所需对象及其属性的了解。拟议的研究项目将通过调查运动经验对婴儿获得物理知识和物体探索，运动能力和动作理解的影响来解决这种复杂的相互作用。获取物理知识：在现实世界中成功的行动需要关于物体属性和它们所能提供的行动类型的复杂知识。婴儿通过优化的感知-动作程序来学习相关的物体属性，他们还将这些信息整合到他们的物体导向动作中（吉布森和皮克，2000年）。例如，一个物体的材料提供了线索，使我们能够推断它的重量，并指导我们的行动前瞻性（史密斯等人，1985年）。最近的研究还表明，9个月大的婴儿将通过探索获得的知识应用于随后的伸手动作（J3）。稍大一点的婴儿将物体的重量与其材料联系起来，并将这种知识转移到新的物体上（J7，J6，J 4）。拟议的研究将调查手的经验对婴儿的外观行为的影响，以及感知的体重相关行为的影响，随后达到的偏好和探索行为提供进一步的证据知觉和运动系统的双向连接。运动能力：最近的研究表明，自我运动的开始与一些认知技能相吻合。例如，爬行的能力与9个月大时目标相关模仿任务中更灵活的记忆提取有关（赫伯特等人，2007），行走的能力似乎与婴儿的语言发展有关（Walle & Campos，2013）。爬行和行走的开始也与社会发展的重大进步相对应（克利尔菲尔德，2011），增强了对这些运动的识别和感知（BC 2; Sanefuji，Ohgami，& Hashiya，2008），并有助于检测身体约束违反（Hauf，MacDonald，& Giese，准备）。这项拟议中的研究将进一步加深我们对运动经验对运动感知的影响的理解，通过跟踪爬行前的婴儿，直到他们成为有经验的步行者。在此期间，将记录运动发育，并进行与身体运动和目标导向行动相关的不同感知任务。此外，视觉和运动增强课程对婴儿的感知和运动产生的影响将被检查。行动理解：在生命的最初几年，行动理解的发展是认知发展的一个重要问题。近年来，研究集中在动作知觉和动作产生（BC 4）的双向相互作用。这些发现得到了镜像神经元系统研究的支持（Falck-Ytter，Gredebäck，& von Hofsten，2006），表明即使在婴儿期，动作感知和生产之间也存在密切联系。拟议的研究计划将系统地研究运动和感知系统对动作理解的重要性，以及一个系统的可能发展如何影响另一个系统的能力。例如，视觉刺激会引导婴儿注意动作场景的特殊特征，促进动作理解。同样，代理经验将提高婴儿执行特定目标导向动作所需的运动能力，反过来，这将有助于理解他人执行的感知动作。

Actions are prepared and executed by an impressive interplay between the sensory system (what we see) and the motor system (how we move). Additionally, we incorporate what we know about the desired object and its properties. The proposed research project will address this complex interplay by investigating the impact of motor experience on infants' acquisition of physical knowledge and object exploration, motor competence, and action understanding. Acquisition of physical knowledge: Successful acting in the physical world requires sophisticated knowledge about object properties and the kind of actions that they afford. Infants learn about relevant object properties through optimised perception-action routines, and they also integrate that information into their object-directed actions (Gibson & Pick, 2000). For example, an object's material provides cues that allow us to infer its weight and to guide our actions prospectively (Smith et al., 1985). Recent research also demonstrated that infants as young as 9 months of age apply knowledge acquired through exploration to subsequent reaching actions (J3). Slightly older infants relate the weight of an object to its material and transfer this knowledge to new objects (J7, J6, J4). The proposed studies will investigate the influence of manual experience on infants' looking behaviour, as well as the influence of perceived weight-related behaviour on subsequent reaching preference and explorative behaviour providing further evidence for the bidirectional connection of perceptual and motor systems. Motor competence: Recent studies indicate that the onset of self-locomotion coincides with a number of cognitive skills. For example, the ability to crawl is associated with more flexible memory retrieval in goal-related imitation tasks by 9 months of age (Herbert et al., 2007), and the ability to walk seems to be related to infants' language development (Walle & Campos, 2013). The onset of crawling and walking also corresponds with major advances in social development (Clearfield, 2011), enhances the recognition and perception of such movements (BC2; Sanefuji, Ohgami, & Hashiya, 2008), and facilitates the detection of body-constraint violations (Hauf, MacDonald, & Giese, in prep). The proposed research will further deepen our understanding of the impact of motor experience on movement perception by following pre-crawling infants until they are experienced walkers. During this time, motor development will be recorded, and different perception tasks related to body movements and goal-directed actions will be conducted. Furthermore, the influence of visual and motor enhancement sessions on infants' perception and production of movements will be examined. Action understanding: The development of action understanding during the first years of life is an important issue in cognitive development. In recent years, research has focused on the bi-directional interplay of action perception and action production (BC4). These findings - supported by research on the mirror-neuron system (Falck-Ytter, Gredebäck, & von Hofsten, 2006) - suggest that, even in infancy, there is a close linkage between action perception and production. The proposed research program will systematically investigate how important motor and perceptual systems are for action understanding, and how possible development in one system impacts the capacities of the other. For example, visual stimuli will direct infants' attention to special features of action scenes, facilitating action understanding. Likewise, agentive experience will enhance infants' motor capacities required to perform a specific goal-directed action, which, in turn, will facilitate understanding of perceived actions performed by others.