Real-time use of vision and proprioception during the different online control phases of voluntary actions

肢体运动引起我们感觉系统活动的变化。当提起一盒牛奶时，肌肉中的感受器会帮助确定牛奶是否像预期的那样满。随后，移动牛奶盒倒牛奶可以说更依赖于视觉。因此，大多数到达运动可以分成几个阶段。特伦布雷博士领导的研究项目将评估大脑在多大程度上依赖于不同的感官来控制自主运动的不同阶段。***在三个系列的研究中，提供给眼睛和肌肉的信息将在运动的不同部分被操纵。肢体轨迹和终点将被分析，以确定两种感觉模式的贡献。在另一组研究中，参与者将被要求对他们的终点准确性做出感性判断，在试验之后，提供给眼睛和肌肉的信息将受到干扰。由于操纵和扰动将在轨迹的不同部分提供，因此可以评估来自眼睛和肌肉的感觉信息的贡献，以控制自主运动的不同阶段。***了解人类在自主运动的不同部分如何依赖来自眼睛和肌肉的感觉信息，对于建立有效的训练计划（例如，运动）至关重要。在对训练和康复计划的设计做出明智的决定之前，建立这些基本知识是必要的。例如，越来越多的加拿大人需要感觉运动治疗。就像教练运动一样，康复并不总是有效的。在康复不成功的情况下，无效的方案会产生额外的保健费用，首先是日常生活活动的护理服务。虽然可以给出许多其他实际的理由来证明这项研究计划的合理性（例如，设计人机界面），但我们知道如何将人送上月球，却不知道如何按发射按钮，这仍然令人相当困惑

Limb movements bring about changes in the activity of our sensory systems. When lifting a carton of milk, receptors in the muscles help determine if the carton is as full as expected. Subsequently, moving the milk carton to pour the milk arguably relies more on vision. As such, most reaching movements can be segregated into phases. The research programme led by Dr. Tremblay will assess the extent to which the brain relies on the different senses to control the different phases of voluntary movements.***In three series of studies, information provided to the eyes and muscles will be manipulated during different portions of the movement. The limb trajectories and endpoints will be analysed to determine the contribution of both sensory modalities. In another set of studies, participants will be asked to make perceptual judgments about their endpoint accuracy, after trials where information provided to the eyes and muscles will be perturbed. Because the manipulations and perturbations will be provided at different portions of the trajectory, it will be possible to assess the contribution of sensory information from the eyes and muscles to control the different phases of voluntary movements.***Knowing how humans rely on sensory information from the eyes and the muscles during the different portions of voluntary movements is critical to build efficient training programs (e.g., sports). Establishing this fundamental knowledge is imperative before making informed decisions about the design of training and rehabilitation programs. For example, a growing proportion of the Canadian population needs sensorimotor therapy. As the case for coaching sports, rehabilitation is not always effective. In the case of unsuccessful rehabilitation, ineffective protocols incur additional health care costs, starting with caregiving services for activities of daily living. While many other practical reasons can be given to justify this research program (e.g., designing human machine interfaces), it remains rather puzzling that we know how to send a man on the moon but yet don't know how we push the launch button.**