Transport Phenomena in Energy Conversion Systems

输运现象通过与反应的竞争在确定用于发电的能量转换系统（例如内燃机（ICE）和燃料电池）的效率和排放方面起主导作用。ICE是当今能源系统的主要组成部分，但会排放有害化学物质和全球变暖气体;排放水的燃料电池被认为是未来可持续能源系统必不可少的清洁能源转换。本研究的长期目标是研究经济高效的清洁能源系统的输送现象，短期目标是1）低排放高效的直喷式ICE和2）质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）的低成本大批量生产技术。因此，拟议的研究旨在对今天和未来产生最大影响。在直喷式汽油发动机中，燃油喷雾撞击在燃烧室壁上，形成一层薄薄的油膜;油膜质量在壁附近不能完全燃烧，成为排放的主要来源。PEMFC制造是商业化的瓶颈，并且它涉及将催化剂油墨（具有分散的催化剂纳米颗粒的液体溶液）喷射在基板表面上以在液体蒸发时形成催化剂层。两者的核心是喷雾在被液体薄膜覆盖的加热表面上的冲击，并且具有显著的基础和实际重要性。为了实现这一目标，将进行实验和数值研究，以提高基本认识，并将开发新的方法：1）利用喷雾碰撞产生的飞溅来减少/消除发动机中的表面液体燃料膜，以减少/消除相关排放;以及2）在喷射沉积期间消除飞溅，避免昂贵的催化剂浪费，同时控制表面液体蒸发过程以在PEMFC制造中实现期望的质量和一致性。目前的技术状况是，喷雾碰撞中的飞溅总是存在的，但只是部分液体飞溅。建议的研究计划将有助于提高知识的多相流与传热和传质的一般，特别是喷雾表面相互作用负载和没有固体颗粒的基本面;并且在实践中将有助于减少高效直接喷射发动机的排放，并且将有助于降低成本并提高PEMFC的性能和耐久性，所述PEMFC可以可靠地和一致地大批量制造。此外，开发的知识和专业知识以及培训的高素质人才将扩大和提高加拿大汽车和燃料电池行业的能力，为加拿大知识经济的发展做出贡献。开发的清洁能源技术将产生重大的环境效益。

Transport phenomena play a dominant role in determining the efficiency and emissions of energy conversion systems for power generation, such as internal combustion engines (ICEs) and fuel cells, through competition with reaction. ICEs are a major part of today's energy systems, but with emissions of harmful chemicals and global warming gases; fuel cells with emission of water are considered clean energy conversion essential for future sustainable energy systems. The proposed research focuses on the study of transport phenomena for cost-effective high-efficiency clean energy systems for practical applications as a long-term objective, and 1) low-emission high-efficiency direct injection ICEs and 2) low-cost high-volume production techniques for the fabrication of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) as a short-term objective. Hence the proposed research is targeted for maximum impact today and in the future.******In direct injection gasoline engines, fuel sprays impinge on the combustion chamber walls creating a thin fuel film; the film mass cannot be burned completely near the wall and becomes a major source of emissions. PEMFC fabrication is a bottleneck in commercialization, and it involves spraying catalyst ink, a liquid solution with catalyst nanoparticles dispersed, on a substrate surface to form catalyst layers when the liquid is evaporated. Central to both is the impingement of sprays on a heated surface covered by a thin film of liquid, and has significant fundamental and practical importance. To achieve the objectives, both experimental and numerical studies will be carried out to improve the fundamental understanding, and novel approaches will be developed 1) to use the splash created by spray impingement to reduce/eliminate the surface liquid fuel film in engines for the reduction/elimination of the associated emissions; and 2) to eliminate splash during spray deposition, avoiding expensive catalyst waste while controlling the surface liquid evaporation process to achieve the desired quality and consistency in the PEMFC fabrication. The current state of the art is that splash in spray impingement always exists, but only partial liquid splashes.******The proposed research program will help improve the knowledge of multi-phase flow with heat and mass transfer in general, and specifically spray-surface interaction laden with and without solid particles on the fundamental side; and will help in practice reduce the emission of high-efficiency direct-injection engines, and will help reduce the cost and enhance the performance and durability of PEMFCs that can be manufactured reliably and consistently in large volume. Further, the knowledge and expertise developed and high-quality personnel trained will expand and enhance the capability of Canadian automotive and fuel cell industry, contributing to the development of knowledge-based Canadian economy. The clean energy technology developed will have significant environmental benefits.