Mammary gland differentiation and development

我们的细胞不断受到来自细胞内部和外部的DNA损伤。内部来源包括DNA复制中的错误以及代谢产物，这些代谢产物会损害DNA和细胞器官。细胞繁殖得越快，积累DNA损伤的风险就越大。我们的细胞，特别是那些负责胚胎发育或组织或器官发育的细胞，干细胞，必须通过三种方式保护自己。它们可以暂停繁殖，修复DNA，或者死亡。如果这些细胞不能保护它们的基因组，生物体或器官的细胞就可能有缺陷。第四种命运正在挑战我们的观点，其中干细胞可以特化（分化），作为保存组织的一种选择。细胞对DNA损伤的反应如何控制细胞特化尚不清楚，但可以帮助控制我们的细胞对DNA损伤的日常攻击的反应。我打算确定DNA损伤反应蛋白如何也可能控制乳腺细胞的特化，特别是产乳细胞。这项研究可能会应用于影响农业中的乳制品实践或组织再生研究。加拿大因其干细胞研究而闻名世界，这对我们的经济做出了贡献。

Our cells are constantly being exposed to DNA damage from sources both internal to the cell and external. Internals sources include errors in DNA replication and also products of metabolism that can damage the DNA and cellular organs. The faster cells are required to reproduce the greater risk they are at for accumulating DNA damage. Our cells, particularly those that are responsible for development of an embryo or for development of a tissue or organ, the stem cells, must protect themselves and do so in three ways. They can pause in their reproduction, repair the DNA, or die. If these cells do not protect their genome, the cells of the organism or organ may be defective. A fourth fate is challenging our view, one in which a stem cell can specialize (differentiate), as one option to preserve the tissue. How the cellular response to DNA damage controls cell specialization is not known, but can help control how our cells responds to daily assaults of DNA damage. I intend to determine how a DNA damage response protein may also control the specialization of mammary gland cells, in particular, the milk-producing cells. It is possible the research may be applied to impact dairy practices in agriculture, or tissue regeneration research. Canada is known world-wide for its stem cell research, which has contributed to our economy.