Nanoscale Building Blocks for Sensing

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The proposed research program is directed at synthesis, characterization and applications of nanoscale building blocks (NBBs) including the detection of biologically and environmentally important molecules. Nanoscale covers the range where hundreds to millions of atoms are arranged into structures with often unique properties. Our work in well-defined NBBs enables control of nanoscale properties and explores their applications in sensing for the direct impact. Controlling matter on nanoscale offers realization of novel materials unattainable in bulk materials, as well as the size and shape dependence of functional properties that enables their convenient tuning. Our research involves NBBs of diverse materials, e.g. polymers, semiconductors, metal oxides, and plasmonic metal nanoparticles (PMNPs) as the primary focus due to their advantageous properties, such as tuneable light interactions spanning entire visible and near-IR. In our recent work, the use of silver and gold in composite NBBs enabled us to utilize the optimal combination of PMNPs advantageous optical properties and stability. A sensing platform based on two size-controlled NBBs: decahedra and pentagonal rods has been established and validated. Encapsulation of PMNPs with metal oxides (e.g. of iron, manganese, iridium, molybdenum), demonstrated this year, greatly improved sensing selectivity and thus opportunities in designing functional NBBs for diverse applications. Overall, during the last 6 years, we have continued to demonstrate a proven research record in synthetic control of (NBBs) for functional applications, specifically prototype sensing. Two main sensing applications of NBBs explored are SERS (surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy) and SPR (surface plasmon resonance). SERS offers sensitive portable detection of such chemicals, as explosives and narcotics. SPR is able to detect selective binding, e.g. of biologically relevant compounds. Prototype SPR sensing of nanomolar quantities of such molecules as glutathione and ampicillin has been demonstrated. In a broader vision of the proposed research program, environmental remediation with metal oxide NBBs and photoelectrochemical applications will be also actively explored. Students and postdoctoral fellows working in our laboratory are trained in the state of the art synthesis of NBBs and advanced nanoscale characterization. The novelty and expected significance of the proposed research program is in creation of new NBBs with tuneable functional properties; and in realization of their practical applications in SPR and SERS. Commercialization of NBBs is developed (Sciventions Inc., Nanoscale Blocks Inc.) with the sensing substrates for SERS and SPR being the next development milestone (in collaboration with Nicoya Inc.). Development of novel sensitive and selective substrates for sensing clinically and environmentally relevant molecules is a broader objective of the proposed research program to bring tangible benefits to Canada.