Non-contingent processes in reading

在阅读过程中展开的关键过程，以及对读者的许多重要影响，并不直接与文本的文字联系在一起。这些过程包括读者的情感和审美反应，材料与个人知识和经验的整合，阐述和远程推理，以及与阅读目标无关的同期过程。这些过程在一般的阅读模式中并不直接有助于对文本的心理表征，但却至关重要。我把这些称为非偶然的阅读过程，以强调它们与文本缺乏密切联系。在许多情况下，非偶然的过程是必不可少的影响读者的意见和行为，提高他们的享受的文本，并提供动力，阅读摆在首位。因此，理解这些过程是分析阅读在人们的生活和文化中如何发挥作用的重要组成部分。在拟议的研究中，我将开发一个理论框架来理解非偶然过程及其含义，我将实施新的范式来调查相关现象。 在我提出的理论框架中，我认为，非偶然性加工有三个组成部分：触发刺激，启动处理，资源和能力，在处理过程中所需的，和后阅读效果，可以测量后阅读。基于这一分析，非偶然过程可以在功能上区分其启动刺激：连贯过程是依赖于不同方面的文本信息之间的差异的过程。关联过程是指文本与读者的个人知识和经验之间的关系。最后，文本外的过程是那些由环境中的事件或不相关的心理事件刺激的过程。该提案的资金将支持开发新的阅读范式，为这些不同类型的过程提供新的证据。 虽然以前已经调查了非偶然处理的各个方面，但本提案首次全面说明了这种处理是如何启动、执行和产生影响的。通过在同一理论框架内处理不同类型的非偶然加工，将有可能建立它们之间的共性和功能相似性。拟议的研究将提供新的方法来调查这些相似性，收集的经验证据将支持对这些现象的共同理解。这种理解将把语篇处理的领域推向一个新的方向，并将进一步将其应用于阅读理解、阅读技能的获得以及叙事在我们文化中的作用等问题。

Critical processes that unfold while reading, and a great deal of the important effects on the reader, are not tied directly to the words of the text. These processes include affective and aesthetic reactions of the reader, integration of the material with personal knowledge and experience, elaborations and remote inferences, and contemporaneous processes unrelated to reading goals. Such processes do not directly contribute to a mental representation of the text in common models of reading, but are essential nonetheless. I refer to these as non-contingent reading processes to highlight their lack of close connection to the text. In many cases, non-contingent processes are essential for affecting readers' opinions and behaviour, enhancing their enjoyment of the text, and providing motivation for reading in the first place. Thus, an understanding of such processes is an essential part of the analysis of how reading functions in people's lives and in our culture. In the proposed research, I will develop a theoretical framework for understanding non-contingent processes and their implications, and I will implement new paradigms for investigating the related phenomena. In my proposed theoretical framework, I argue that non-contingent processing has three components: a trigger stimulus that initiates the processing, resources and capacities that are needed during the processing, and post-reading effects that can be measured after reading. Based on this analysis, non-contingent processes can be functionally distinguished in terms of their initiating stimuli: Coherence processes are processes that depend on discrepancies among different aspects of the textual information. Relevance processes are those that depend on the relation between the text and the reader's personal knowledge and experience. And finally, extratextual processes are those that are stimulated by events in the environment or unrelated mental events. The proposal funding will support the development of novel reading paradigms that will provide new evidence on each of these different types of processes. While aspects of non-contingent processing have been investigated previously, the present proposal provides the first general account of how such processing is initiated, is carried out, and has its effects. By treating the different types of non-contingent processing within the same theoretical framework, it will be possible to establish the commonalities and functional similarities among them. The proposed research will provide novel approaches to investigating these similarities, and the empirical evidence to be collected will support a common understanding of these phenomena. This understanding will advance the field of discourse processing in a new direction and will further its application to problems of reading comprehension, the acquisition of reading skills, and the role of narrative in our culture.