Non-contingent processes in reading

在阅读过程中展开的批判性过程，以及对读者的许多重要影响，并不直接与文本的文字联系在一起。这些过程包括读者的情感和审美反应，材料与个人知识和经验的整合，详述和遥远的推断，以及与阅读目标无关的同期过程。这样的过程并不直接有助于在普通阅读模式中对文本进行心理表征，但仍然是必不可少的。我将这些称为非偶然阅读过程，以强调它们与文本缺乏密切联系。在许多情况下，非偶然过程对于影响读者的观点和行为，提高他们对文本的享受，以及首先提供阅读动机是必不可少的。因此，对这些过程的理解是分析阅读如何在人们的生活和我们的文化中发挥作用的重要部分。在拟议的研究中，我将建立一个理论框架来理解非或有过程及其影响，并将实施新的范式来研究相关现象。 在我提出的理论框架中，我认为非条件加工有三个组成部分：启动加工的触发刺激，加工过程中所需的资源和能力，以及阅读后可以测量的阅读后效应。基于这一分析，非或有过程可以根据其启动刺激在功能上加以区分：连贯过程是依赖于语篇信息不同方面之间的差异的过程。关联过程依赖于文本与读者个人知识和经验之间的关系。最后，语外过程是由环境中的事件或无关的心理事件所刺激的过程。提案资金将支持小说阅读范式的发展，为这些不同类型的过程中的每一种都提供新的证据。 虽然以前曾对非或有处理的各个方面进行过调查，但本提案提供了第一个一般性说明，说明这种处理是如何启动、进行和产生效果的。通过在同一理论框架内处理不同类型的非或有加工，就有可能确定它们之间的共性和功能相似性。拟议的研究将提供新的方法来研究这些相似之处，将收集的经验证据将支持对这些现象的共同理解。这一理解将把语篇处理领域推向一个新的方向，并将进一步将其应用于阅读理解、阅读技能的获得以及叙事在我们文化中的作用等问题上。

Critical processes that unfold while reading, and a great deal of the important effects on the reader, are not tied directly to the words of the text. These processes include affective and aesthetic reactions of the reader, integration of the material with personal knowledge and experience, elaborations and remote inferences, and contemporaneous processes unrelated to reading goals. Such processes do not directly contribute to a mental representation of the text in common models of reading, but are essential nonetheless. I refer to these as non-contingent reading processes to highlight their lack of close connection to the text. In many cases, non-contingent processes are essential for affecting readers' opinions and behaviour, enhancing their enjoyment of the text, and providing motivation for reading in the first place. Thus, an understanding of such processes is an essential part of the analysis of how reading functions in people's lives and in our culture. In the proposed research, I will develop a theoretical framework for understanding non-contingent processes and their implications, and I will implement new paradigms for investigating the related phenomena. In my proposed theoretical framework, I argue that non-contingent processing has three components: a trigger stimulus that initiates the processing, resources and capacities that are needed during the processing, and post-reading effects that can be measured after reading. Based on this analysis, non-contingent processes can be functionally distinguished in terms of their initiating stimuli: Coherence processes are processes that depend on discrepancies among different aspects of the textual information. Relevance processes are those that depend on the relation between the text and the reader's personal knowledge and experience. And finally, extratextual processes are those that are stimulated by events in the environment or unrelated mental events. The proposal funding will support the development of novel reading paradigms that will provide new evidence on each of these different types of processes. While aspects of non-contingent processing have been investigated previously, the present proposal provides the first general account of how such processing is initiated, is carried out, and has its effects. By treating the different types of non-contingent processing within the same theoretical framework, it will be possible to establish the commonalities and functional similarities among them. The proposed research will provide novel approaches to investigating these similarities, and the empirical evidence to be collected will support a common understanding of these phenomena. This understanding will advance the field of discourse processing in a new direction and will further its application to problems of reading comprehension, the acquisition of reading skills, and the role of narrative in our culture.