Item individuation, tracking, and tasks that involve visual-motor coordination

物品个性化、跟踪和涉及视觉运动协调的任务

• 批准号: RGPIN-2020-06066
• 负责人: Trick, Lana
• 金额: $ 2.4万
• 依托单位: University of Guelph
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2020-01-01 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=718228
• 关键词: Item; individuation; tracking; tasks; involve

Whether you are turning left across busy traffic as you drive home, monitoring the positions of your teammates and the puck as you play hockey, capturing dropped coins as they roll away in all directions, or simply trying not to lose your children as you exit a crowded auditorium, there are times when you need to keep track of the positions of several moving items at once. This ability is called multiple-object tracking. Under normal conditions, young adults can track 3-5 moving items at once, though this ability declines with age. Multiple-object tracking predicts things as diverse as crash risk in older drivers to performance in elite athletes. It seems to be related to visual-motor coordination, but why is it related? Is multiple-object tracking actually part of coordinated action? Or does the relationship occur because multiple-object tracking and visually coordinated action draw upon a common limited resource -- general attention -- a resource shared between all senses and with all cognitive tasks, even ones that do not require overt actions (e.g. thinking about the day's events). There are age-related changes in attention. Is this why older adults cannot track as many at once? The answers to these questions are relevant both to understanding age-related deficits and designing effective interventions to overcome them. This research will involve studying the relationship between multiple-object tracking and two coordinated tasks: visually guided touch and driving an automobile. We will be investigating performance in young and older adults (18-25 years, 65+ years). To measure visually guided touch, we will have participants trying to “catch” specific moving items among others on a touch screen. Visually coordinated steering, headway, and collision avoidance will be measured using a driving simulator, a car surrounded by viewing screens that immerse drivers in a virtual reality driving environment. We will compare the way that driving changes with the complexity of a cognitive task with the way it changes as tracking load increases (the number of vehicles tracked at once). We will also determine if these effects are stronger when the driver experiences real motion, which stimulates both the vestibular and somatosensory systems, as compared to when the driver is static. This is important to learning how attention is shared between vision and the vestibular and somatosensory systems during coordinated action in young and older adults. Such information is critical to understanding falls, which are a serious health-risk in older adults. Given that we will be investigating driving, this research will also provide information useful in reducing automobile collisions, a leading cause of injury and death in Canada. Collisions can occur at any age but older adults are more likely to die or sustain serious injury as result. If driving involves multiple-object tracking, then multiple-object tracking training may reduce collision risk for older adults.

无论你是开车回家时在繁忙的车流中向左转弯，还是在打冰球时监控队友和冰球的位置，在硬币向各个方向滚去时捕捉硬币，或者只是在离开拥挤的礼堂时尽量不让你的孩子走失，有时候你需要同时跟踪几个移动物品的位置。这种能力被称为多目标跟踪。在正常情况下，年轻人可以同时追踪3-5个移动的物体，尽管这种能力随着年龄的增长而下降。多目标跟踪预测的事情五花八门，从老年司机的撞车风险到精英运动员的表现。它似乎与视觉运动协调有关，但为什么会有联系呢？多目标跟踪实际上是协调动作的一部分吗？或者这种关系的发生是因为多目标跟踪和视觉协调行动利用了一个共同的有限资源——一般注意力——这是所有感官和所有认知任务之间共享的资源，即使是那些不需要公开行动的任务（例如，思考当天的事件）。注意力的变化与年龄有关。这就是为什么老年人不能同时追踪那么多吗？这些问题的答案与理解与年龄有关的缺陷和设计有效的干预措施来克服它们都有关。这项研究将包括研究多目标跟踪和两个协调任务之间的关系：视觉引导触摸和驾驶汽车。我们将调查年轻人和老年人（18-25岁，65岁以上）的表现。为了测量视觉引导触摸，我们将让参与者尝试在触摸屏上“捕捉”特定的移动物体。视觉协调的转向、车头时距和避碰将通过驾驶模拟器进行测量，驾驶模拟器是一辆被观看屏幕包围的汽车，让驾驶员沉浸在虚拟现实驾驶环境中。我们将比较驾驶随着认知任务的复杂性而变化的方式，以及随着跟踪负载（一次跟踪的车辆数量）的增加而变化的方式。我们还将确定当驾驶员经历真实的运动时，这些影响是否更强，这将刺激前庭和体感系统，而不是当驾驶员处于静止状态时。这对于学习年轻人和老年人在协调行动中如何在视觉、前庭和体感系统之间分享注意力是很重要的。这些信息对于了解跌倒是老年人严重的健康风险至关重要。鉴于我们将调查驾驶，这项研究还将提供有助于减少汽车碰撞的信息，这是加拿大造成伤害和死亡的主要原因。碰撞可能发生在任何年龄，但老年人更有可能因此死亡或遭受严重伤害。如果驾驶涉及多目标跟踪，那么多目标跟踪培训可能会降低老年人的碰撞风险。