Regulatory Systems controlling Plant Cell Axis formation, Stem Cell Specification and Plant Pathogen Defense

植物建筑固定在极地的地上部-根轴上。通过新器官的不断生成，这个轴在地上和地下变得广泛的分支。尽管它们具有惊人的形态多样性，但高等维管植物具有这种基本结构和在早期植物胚胎中形成极轴的分子机制，以及许多在末端干细胞种群中运行的机制，称为顶端分生组织，因为它们产生新的器官并分配新的干细胞生态位(分生组织)以供持续生长。植物还以其令人印象深刻的能力而闻名，它能从无序的组织甚至单个细胞中产生新的茎-根轴，这一过程被称为再生，这对植物育种和生物技术至关重要。这一建议建立在早期发现的基础上，这些发现将生长素的感知和生长素的运输与体轴的胚胎形成、侧器官和叶的维管模式的定位以及植物组织培养中用于芽形成的新干细胞生态位的从头产生联系起来。从拟南芥胚胎突变体、生长素运输干扰和可视化实验入手，并在此基础上分离出第一功能生长素反应因子(ARF)，为了解生长素在不同器官中驱动的图案化过程做出了贡献。最近，我们通过提供ARF靶基因的队列来补充这些贡献，其中包括生长素单一网络中的基因以及生长素流动途径的规范基因。引人注目的是，这些分析条目导致了一种多功能遗传工具的发现，利用这种工具，我们可以利用修改后的ARF基因MP？作为遗传开关，改善干细胞生态位的从头建立，最显著的是在植物组织再生过程中形成新芽。在这一点上，迫切需要解决三个明显的目标领域。(1)MP的促芽活性？需要更好地理解、优化和应用于更多的植物物种。(2)一种ARF蛋白MP具有其他ARF所没有的特性的分子原因需要确定；(3)MP在再生和其他过程中控制图案化过程的信号通路需要进一步阐明。这将包括将已识别的受MP调控的目标基因转换为可视化工具，以及在激素信号转导中使用和开发其他新的可视化标记。这些不仅限于构图过程，而且在其他合作努力的背景下，还将包括病原体反应中的激素标记物。

Plant architecture is anchored in a polar shoot-root axis. This axis becomes extensively branched above and below ground through the reiterative generation of new organs. Despite their amazing morphological diversity, higher vascular plants share this basic architecture and the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of a polar axis in the early plant embryo as well as many of the mechanism operating in the terminal stem cell populations, called apical meristems, as they generate new organs and allocate new stem cell niches (meristems) for continued growth. Plants are also well known for their impressive ability to generate new shoot-root axes from disorganized tissue or even single cells in a process called regeneration, which is of utmost importance for plant breeding and biotechnology. This proposal is built on early findings, which linked auxin perception and auxin transport to the embryonic formation of a body axis, the positioning of lateral organs and leave vascular patterns and the de novo generation of new stem cell niches for shoot formation in plant tissue culture. Starting from Arabidopsis embryo mutants, auxin transport interference and visualization experiments, and based on this, the isolation of the first functional Auxin Response Factor (ARF), we made contributions to the understanding of auxin driven patterning processes in various organs. More recently, we have complemented those contributions by supplying cohorts of ARF target genes, among them genes within the auxin singling network as well as genes in the specification of auxin flow paths. Strikingly, these analytical entries have led to the discovery of a versatile genetic tool, with which we can improve the de novo establishment of stem cell niches, most dramatically in the formation of shoots during plant tissue regeneration, using a modified ARF gene, MP?, as a genetic switch. At this point, three obvious target areas need to urgently be addressed. (1) The shoot promoting activity of MP? needs to better understood, optimized and applied to more plant species. (2) The molecular reasons why one ARF protein, MP, has properties, not found in other ARFs, needs to be determined, (3) the signaling pathway through which MP controls patterning processes during regeneration and other processes needs to be further elucidated. This will involve the conversion of already identified target genes, regulated by MP, into visualization tools as well as the use and development of other novel visualization markers in hormone signal transduction. Those will not only be limited to patterning processes, but in the context of other collaborative efforts, will also include hormone markers in pathogen responses.