Diamond growth and resorption morphologies reveal the record of mantle fluids and melts

钻石在> 4Ga（地球历史的~90%）期间生长在超过600 km深度范围的地幔中，并通过金伯利岩带到地表，金伯利岩是到达地球表面的最深岩浆，并承载经济钻石矿床。钻石是地幔深处难以接近部分的条件和过程的独特见证。在构造活动的大陆地区，一些地壳岩石在超高压下，在其他矿物中含有微金刚石包裹体。挥发物（H2O和CO2）在金刚石成核以及影响地幔和超深地壳岩石的化学和地球动力学过程、地幔中的熔体生产和金伯利岩的快速上升中起着主要作用。虽然成岩硅酸盐矿物成分中挥发物的记录是模糊的，但在与地球内部高温流体和熔体相互作用期间，金刚石上开发的一系列溶解特征提供了这些流体和熔体及其条件（温度，压力，氧化）的可靠记录。来自地壳深部岩石的微金刚石的晶体形状取决于这些岩石在折返之前所达到的压力和温度。拟议的研究利用溶解特征和金刚石形态来研究地壳和地幔中的深部流体，它们在金伯利岩岩浆作用和金伯利岩中金刚石保存中的作用。这项工作将结合联合收割机对不同金伯利岩类型和产地的天然金刚石表面特征的研究，在受控条件下复制金刚石溶解特征和生长形态的实验室实验，以及模拟金刚石表面碳的掺入和去除的原子尺度过程，以模拟在天然金刚石上观察到的特征和形态，并建立反应控制参数。与钻石开采公司和戴比尔斯的合作提供了一个特殊的访问钻石样品与地质控制从特定深度和单位的复合金伯利岩管。更好地了解次大陆地幔和地壳深部流体的来源和组成，对于重建形成地球顶层的地球动力学过程及其与金伯利岩岩浆活动的联系至关重要。岩浆侵位机制导致金伯利岩的多样性，并影响金伯利岩中金刚石的分布和保存是一个有争议的话题。由于岩浆侵位在很大程度上取决于H2O和CO2含量，拟议的研究将使用金刚石溶解特征作为一种新的方法来分类不同的金伯利岩类型，并在早期勘探阶段模拟复合管道内金伯利岩单元的分布，以改善地质模型并预测金刚石保存。拟议的研究将有助于解开深部地幔过程，并改善勘探技术，使世界第三大钻石生产国加拿大的钻石开采业受益。

Diamonds grow in the Earth's mantle over > 600 km depth range during > 4 Ga (~90% of the Earth's history) and are brought to the surface by kimberlites, the deepest magma that reach the surface of the Earth and host economic diamond deposits. Diamonds are unique witnesses of the conditions and processes in the deep inaccessible parts of the mantle. Some crustal rocks subjected to ultra-high pressure in tectonically active continental areas contain microdiamond inclusions inside other minerals. Volatiles (H2O and CO2) play the major role in diamond nucleation as well as in chemical and geodynamic processes affecting the mantle and super-deep crustal rocks, melt production in the mantle, and the rapid ascent of kimberlites. While the record of volatiles in the composition of rock-forming silicate minerals is ambiguous, an array of dissolution features developed on diamond during interaction with high-temperature fluids and melts in the Earth's interior provide a robust record of these fluids and melts and their conditions (temperature, pressure, oxidation). Crystal shape of microdiamonds from deep crustal rocks depend on the pressure and temperature achieved by these rocks prior to the exhumation. The proposed research uses dissolution features and diamond morphology to study deep fluids in the Earth's crust and mantle, their role in kimberlite magmatism and diamond preservation in kimberlites. The work will combine study of surface features on natural diamonds from different kimberlite types and localities, laboratory experiments that replicate dissolution features and growth morphologies of diamond at controlled conditions, and modeling of atomic scale processes of carbon incorporation and removal on diamond surface to imitate the features and morphologies observed on natural diamonds and establish the reaction-controlling parameters. Collaboration with diamond mining companies and DeBeers provides an exceptional access to diamond samples with geological control from specific depths and units within composite kimberlite pipe. Better understanding sources and composition of fluids in subcontinental mantle and the deep crust is essential for reconstructing the geodynamic processes that shaped the top layers of the Earth and their link to kimberlite magmatism. Magma emplacement mechanisms causing the diversity of kimberlites and affecting diamond distribution and preservation in kimberlites are a subject of controversies. As magma emplacement greatly depends on H2O and CO2 content, the proposed research will use diamond dissolution features as a new method for classifying different kimberlite types and modelling distribution of kimberlite units within composite pipes at early exploration stages to improve geological models and predict diamond preservation. The proposed research will help to unravel deep mantle processes and improve exploration techniques to benefit diamond mining industry in Canada, the third world largest diamond producer.