Flower visitation on two wings: the impact of Diptera as pollinators

两只翅膀的花访：双翅目作为传粉者的影响

• 批准号: RGPIN-2021-03239
• 负责人: Young, Andrew
• 金额: $ 2.04万
• 依托单位: University of Guelph
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2021-01-01 至 2022-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=742446
• 关键词: Flower; visitation; two; wings; impact

Flies (Diptera) are among the most diverse groups of animals on the planet, with over 160,000 described species. In particular, flower flies (Syrphidae) have been recognized in recent years for their important role in pollination. Visiting over 50% of global crop plants, their economic value has been estimated at $300 billion USD per year, and they have also been recorded visiting over 70% of animal-pollinated wildflower species in Europe. Syrphidae is a large family of flies, with about 6,300 species described worldwide, and just over 800 species known to occur in continental North America. The group's diversification is relatively well understood at the sub-familial level, thanks to several recent publications, but important questions remain-especially concerning the subfamily Eristalinae, a group widely understood as a collection of unrelated lineages. My research program has three long-term goals: 1) To understand the evolution and diversity of flower flies worldwide through phylogenetic analyses and taxonomic revisions; 2) To facilitate access to flower fly species concepts for other researchers through the publication of user-friendly identification tools; 3) To determine the impact of fly, especially flower fly, pollination in natural and agricultural ecosystems. My research team will work toward these goals over the next five years through a focus on the diversity, evolution, and ecology of North American flower flies. Our understanding of North American flower flies has several major limitations, hindering our ability to use these groups in ecological studies. There is also a critical need to understand our North American flower fly diversity in order to map the plant-pollinator relationships that underpin vulnerable and rapidly changing habitats such as the Arctic. To meet these pressing needs, my short-term objectives are: 1) Trace the evolution of the flower fly tribe Rhingiini using phylogenomic methods, then use this knowledge to recognize monophyletic groups of species; 2) Guided by the monophyletic groups delimited by Objective 1, investigate the taxonomy of the species-rich flower fly genus Cheilosia to improve species concepts; and 3) Map plant-pollinator networks of flowers and flies in the Canadian Arctic through pollen metabarcoding, with a focus on species of Cheilosia. The current lack of taxonomic clarity regarding species-rich genera such as Cheilosia greatly limits our ability to study the pollination dynamics of flower flies in North America. Given that flies are the dominant pollinator in cold-weather environments such as the Canadian Arctic, it behooves us to uncover the taxonomy and specific ecological services contributed by these insects. Specific knowledge of Arctic pollination networks will provide a better understanding of keystone plant and insect species. Bolstered by this knowledge, we will be better able to predict how these ecosystems will be altered or disrupted by the increasingly warm climate.

苍蝇（双翅目）是地球上最多样化的动物，有16万多个描述的物种。特别是，近年来，花蝇（Syrphidae）因其在授粉中的重要作用而得到认可。访问全球作物的50％以上，其经济价值估计为每年3000亿美元，并且还记录了欧洲70％以上的动物授粉野花物种的访问。 Syrphidae是一个巨大的苍蝇家庭，在全球范围内描述了大约6300种，刚刚在北美大陆发生了800多种。由于最近的几个出版物，尤其是关于亚家族的Eristalinae，该小组的多元化在亚元素层面上相对较好，但剩下的重要问题是一个广泛理解为无关谱系的集合。我的研究计划有三个长期目标：1）通过系统发育分析和分类学修订来了解全球花苍蝇的演变和多样性； 2）通过发布用户友好的识别工具来促进其他研究人员获得花蝇物种概念； 3）确定蝇的影响，尤其是花蝇的影响，自然和农业生态系统中的授粉。我的研究团队将通过关注北美花苍蝇的多样性，进化和生态来实现这些目标。我们对北美花蝇的理解有几个主要局限性，阻碍了我们在生态学研究中使用这些群体的能力。还需要了解我们的北美花蝇多样性，以绘制植物 - 授粉的关系，这些关系是基于脆弱和快速变化的栖息地（例如北极）的关系。 为了满足这些紧迫的需求，我的短期目标是：1）使用系统基础方法追踪花蝇部落的演变，然后使用这些知识来识别单属物种； 2）在目标1界定的单系组的指导下，研究了富含种类的花蝇属的分类法，以改善物种概念； 3）通过花粉元编码在加拿大北极的花朵和苍蝇的植物 - 植物 - 细胞 - 绘图，重点是芝加索。目前缺乏关于物种丰富属（例如Cheilosia）的分类学明确性，极大地限制了我们研究北美花蝇的授粉动态的能力。鉴于苍蝇是加拿大北极等寒冷天气环境中的主要传粉媒介，因此我们应该发现这些昆虫贡献的分类学和特定的生态服务。北极授粉网络的特定知识将更好地了解Keystone植物和昆虫物种。在这些知识的支持下，我们将能够更好地预测这些生态系统将如何因日益温暖的气候改变或破坏。