Reliable and Secure Data-Sharing Architecture, Situational Awareness and Electrical-failure Modelling for SMRs

核反应堆的安全可靠运行需要安装许多冗余传感器，以收集有关这些资产状况和状态的关键实时信息。小型模块化反应堆（smr）和微反应堆将同样配备良好的仪器，并可能部署在无人值守的偏远地区，这使得远程监控对成功运行至关重要。智能传感器网络通过公共互联网或专用网络将不同的传感器连接到控制室或远程操作员，可以提供这样的要求。尽管使用传感器网络提供了优势和理想的功能，但由于其有限的计算能力和特设操作，它们可能容易受到网络攻击。此外，通过向公众提供有关反应堆性能和运行状态数据的实时信息，可以获得公众对核电，特别是小型堆和微堆的信任和接受。这种接入在小型反应堆和微反应堆中可能更为关键，因为这些系统可能部署在离城市中心更近的地方或远程运行。此外，基于smr的发电厂的先进数字控制室将需要设计来自不同位置的传感器数据和同步测量，以便为核运营商获得电网的实时快照。该提案旨在通过开发检测和预测SMR传感器数据和连接网络的网络攻击机制来解决这些问题，为公众访问创建基于区块链的安全可靠的数据共享架构。此外，提出了SMR的电气侧故障建模，以确定电网的整体可靠性、电网的限电或停电概率，并制定SMR重新上线时的电网恢复策略。提出了一种广域态势感知系统，用于状态估计、模型验证、系统健康分析和系统上的“假设”类型突发事件，例如SMR失去与电网的连接。

Safe and reliable operation of nuclear reactors requires the implementation of many redundant sensors that collect crucial and real-time information about the condition and status of these assets. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and microreactors will be similarly well instrumented and may be deployed in remote areas unattended by operators, which makes remote monitoring vital for successful operation. Intelligent sensor networks connecting different sensors to control rooms or remote operators via public internet or private networks can provide such requirements. Although using sensor networks provide advantages and desirable features, they can be susceptible to cyber-attacks due to their limited computational capabilities and ad-hoc operation. In addition, public trust and acceptance of nuclear power, in particular, SMRs and microreactors, can be gained by providing the public with real-time information on reactor performance and operating status data. Such access may be more critical in SMRs and microreactors because these systems may be deployed closer to urban centers or run remotely. Moreover, the advanced digital control rooms with SMR-based power plants will need to be designed with sensor data from various locations and synchronized measurements to get a real-time snapshot of the electric grid for nuclear operators. This proposal aims to address these issues by developing mechanisms to detect and predict cyber-attacks on SMR's sensor data and the connecting networks, creating a blockchain-based secure and trustworthy data-sharing architecture for public access. In addition, SMR's electrical side failure modelling is proposed to determine the overall reliability of the electric grid, the probability of brownout or blackout of the grids, and develop a grid restoration strategy when SMR is brought online again. A wide-area situational awareness system is proposed for state estimation, model validation, system well-being analysis and "what-if" type contingencies on the system, such as when SMR losses connection to the electric grid.