Personality, life history, and the evolution of individual niche specialization

进化生态学的最新发展集中在野生种群行为特征保持变异的原因上。在提出的解释中，生活节奏综合症(POLS)假说认为，任何在当前和未来繁殖之间进行权衡的特征都应该与慢-快生活史连续体一起进化。作为回报，权衡应该保持调解人的差异。因此，我们应该观察到一些特征和慢-快连续体之间的综合征。例如，积极主动的人(大胆的、好斗的、积极的和肤浅的探索者)应该比被动的人表现出更快的生活史。然而，最近的一项荟萃分析显示，这一预测得到了模棱两可的支持。一个原因可能解释了这种缺乏支持的情况：环境条件应该对极点的探测及其演变产生强烈的影响，而我们忽视了环境条件如何有利于极点的演变。在接下来的五年里，我将建立一个理论和实证工作的语料库，以推进关于性状变异保持的研究。我认为，研究个体行为、生活史和栖息地选择之间的联系，以及个体生态位专业化之间的联系，应该会导致对维持特征差异的机制的新发现。STO1.我和我的合作者将详细研究空间和环境异质性(即资源、捕食和竞争)对个体探索/攻击性、生活史(快慢)和栖息地选择的共同进化的影响，通过它们对觅食行为和资源获取的影响。STO2。我将测试动物是否可以通过以下方式改善它们的适应性：i)选择与其表型最匹配的栖息地(栖息地匹配)，ii)根据环境改变它们的表型(表型可塑性)，或iii)调整它们的环境以匹配它们的表型(生态位结构)。这三种机制应该导致特征和栖息地特征之间的关联，尽管我们忽略了这些关联是否会在遗传、发育或个体内可逆水平上被发现。我将利用两个关于科西嘉蓝山雀和东部花栗鼠自然种群的长期研究项目，研究行为、生活史和环境之间的协变模式。STO_3。我将探讨行为特征如何在当前与未来的繁殖权衡之外，调节其他权衡。结合仿真模型(STO1)和对蓝山雀的实证研究，重点研究后代权衡和套期保值的数量和质量。该计划将提供新颖和原创性的发现，这些发现应该会刺激进化生态学的研究，并对食物网生态、保护和气候变化研究产生影响。

Recent development in evolutionary ecology has focused the reasons of the maintenance of variation in behaviour traits in wild populations. Among the explanations proposed, the pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis posits that any trait that mediates the trade-off between current and future reproduction should coevolve with the slow-fast life history continuum. In return the trade-off should maintain the variance in the mediator. We should thus observe a syndrome between some traits and the slow-fast continuum. For instance, proactive individuals (bold, aggressive, active and superficial explorers) should show faster life history than reactive ones. A recent metaanalysis, however, has shown ambiguous support for that prediction. One reason may explain this lack of support: environmental conditions should have strong effects on the detection of the POLS and its evolution, and we ignore how environmental conditions favour the evolution of POLS. In the next five years, I will develop a corpus of theoretical and empirical work to move forward the studies on the maintenance of trait variance. I suggest that investigating the link between individual behaviour, life history and habitat selection, and individual niche specialization should lead to new discoveries on the mechanisms maintaining trait variance. STO1. My collaborators and I will elaborate simulations to examine the implication of spatial and environmental heterogeneity (i.e. resources, predation, competition) on the coevolution of individual exploration/aggressiveness, life history (fast-slow), and habitat selection, via their effects on foraging behaviour and resource acquisition. STO2. I will test whether animals can improve their fitness either by: i) choosing a habitat that best matches their phenotypes (habitat matching), ii) changing their phenotype as a function of the environment (phenotypic plasticity), or iii) adjusting their environment to match their phenotypes (niche construction). These three mechanisms should lead to an association between traits and habitat features, although we ignore whether these associations will be found at the genetic, developmental, or within-individual reversible level. I will study the patterns of covariance between behaviour, life history and the environment using two long-term research programs on natural populations of Corsican blue tits and eastern chipmunks. STO3. I will explore how behaviour traits may mediate other trade-offs than the current-future reproduction trade-off. Combining simulation models (STO1) and empirical studies on blue tits, I will focus on the quantity-quality of progeny trade-off and bet-hedging. This program will provide novel and original discoveries that should stimulate research in evolutionary ecology, with implications for food web ecology, conservation, and climate change studies.