Personality, life history, and the evolution of individual niche specialization

进化生态学的最新发展集中在野生种群维持行为特征变异的原因上。在提出的解释中，生活节奏综合症（POLS）假说认为，任何调节当前和未来繁殖之间权衡的特征都应该与慢速生活史连续体共同进化。作为回报，这种权衡应该维持中介中的方差。因此，我们应该观察到某些特征与慢-快连续体之间的一种综合征。例如，积极主动的个体（大胆、好斗、积极和肤浅的探索者）应该比被动被动的人表现出更快的生活史。然而，最近的一项荟萃分析对这一预测的支持并不明确。一个原因可以解释这种缺乏支持：环境条件应该对POLS的检测及其演变有很强的影响，而我们忽略了环境条件如何有利于POLS的演变。在未来的五年里，我将建立一个理论和实证工作的语料库，推进性状方差维持的研究。我认为，研究个体行为、生活史和栖息地选择以及个体生态位专业化之间的联系，应该会对维持性状变异的机制有新的发现。STO1。我和我的合作者将通过对觅食行为和资源获取的影响，详细分析空间和环境异质性（即资源、捕食、竞争）对个体探索/攻击性、生活史（快-慢）和栖息地选择的共同进化的影响。STO2。我将测试动物是否可以通过以下方式来提高它们的适应性：I)选择最适合它们表型的栖息地（栖息地匹配），ii)改变它们的表型作为环境的功能（表型可塑性），或iii)调整它们的环境以匹配它们的表型（生态位构建）。这三种机制应该导致性状和生境特征之间的关联，尽管我们忽略了这些关联是否会在遗传、发育或个体可逆水平上被发现。我将通过对科西嘉蓝山雀和东部花栗鼠自然种群的两个长期研究项目，研究行为、生活史和环境之间的协方差模式。STO3。我将探讨行为特征如何调节其他权衡，而不是当前-未来的繁殖权衡。结合模拟模型（STO1）和对蓝山雀的实证研究，我将重点关注后代权衡和下注对冲的数量-质量。该计划将提供新颖和原创的发现，这些发现将刺激进化生态学的研究，对食物网生态学、保护和气候变化研究产生影响。

Recent development in evolutionary ecology has focused the reasons of the maintenance of variation in behaviour traits in wild populations. Among the explanations proposed, the pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis posits that any trait that mediates the trade-off between current and future reproduction should coevolve with the slow-fast life history continuum. In return the trade-off should maintain the variance in the mediator. We should thus observe a syndrome between some traits and the slow-fast continuum. For instance, proactive individuals (bold, aggressive, active and superficial explorers) should show faster life history than reactive ones. A recent metaanalysis, however, has shown ambiguous support for that prediction. One reason may explain this lack of support: environmental conditions should have strong effects on the detection of the POLS and its evolution, and we ignore how environmental conditions favour the evolution of POLS. In the next five years, I will develop a corpus of theoretical and empirical work to move forward the studies on the maintenance of trait variance. I suggest that investigating the link between individual behaviour, life history and habitat selection, and individual niche specialization should lead to new discoveries on the mechanisms maintaining trait variance. STO1. My collaborators and I will elaborate simulations to examine the implication of spatial and environmental heterogeneity (i.e. resources, predation, competition) on the coevolution of individual exploration/aggressiveness, life history (fast-slow), and habitat selection, via their effects on foraging behaviour and resource acquisition. STO2. I will test whether animals can improve their fitness either by: i) choosing a habitat that best matches their phenotypes (habitat matching), ii) changing their phenotype as a function of the environment (phenotypic plasticity), or iii) adjusting their environment to match their phenotypes (niche construction). These three mechanisms should lead to an association between traits and habitat features, although we ignore whether these associations will be found at the genetic, developmental, or within-individual reversible level. I will study the patterns of covariance between behaviour, life history and the environment using two long-term research programs on natural populations of Corsican blue tits and eastern chipmunks. STO3. I will explore how behaviour traits may mediate other trade-offs than the current-future reproduction trade-off. Combining simulation models (STO1) and empirical studies on blue tits, I will focus on the quantity-quality of progeny trade-off and bet-hedging. This program will provide novel and original discoveries that should stimulate research in evolutionary ecology, with implications for food web ecology, conservation, and climate change studies.