红壤是我国东南丘陵区广泛分布的中低产土壤，具有酸、粘、板、瘠的特征，协同培育红壤结构和生物功能是地力提升的一个重要方面。本项目基于鹰潭红壤生态站设置的有机肥长期试验的系列历史样品，以土壤团聚体及其内部微生物组成的共同演变过程为切入点，在9年时间尺度上研究施用有机肥后土壤团聚体的变化特征；利用磷酸脂肪酸指纹图谱分析土壤微生物生物量和群落结构的演变趋势；运用定量PCR检测团聚体内氨氧化细菌和古菌amoA基因拷贝数，计算古菌与细菌比例及各自丰度的变化；通过454高通量测序研究不同团聚体中氨氧化细菌与古菌特有生态菌群和共有菌群的变化特征；在此基础上，研究氨氧化微生物对食细菌线虫年际变化的响应程度；聚合推进树（ABT）和变异分割分析（VPA）研究影响团聚体，氨氧化微生物结构演变及硝化作用的主控因素及其影响程度，为制定合理利用红壤生物资源、培育红壤地力的措施提供理论依据。

Red soil is the middle-low yield soil with acid, sticky boards and barren of features, which distributes widely in Hilly region of southeastern China. Synergy to cultivate red soil structure and biological function is an important aspect of soil fertility upgrade. The long-term fertilization experiment was conducted at the Yingtan National Agroecosystem Field Experiment Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences. In order to understand the co-evolution of soil aggregates and their internal microbial community composition, this study aimed to survey the variation of soil aggregates under 9-year (2002-2011) organic manure application, and analyze the variation of the soil microbial biomass and community structure in aggregate fractions by phosphate fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. The copy numbers of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) and archaeal (AOA) amoA genes in aggregate fractions were quantified with real-time PCR, and the AOA to AOB amoA ratio was further calculated. High-throughput 454 sequencing technique was applied to identify the specific ecological flora and the same flora of AOB and AOA in different aggregate fractions, respectively. Furthermore, the responses of AOB and AOA to the inter-annual changes of bacterivores nematodes were determined. The relative importance of main factors on aggregate fractions, ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms and nitrification were quantitatively evaluated by aggregated boosted tree (ABT) and CCA-based variation partitioning analysis (VPA). The present study provides a theoretical basis for the rational use of biological resources of red soil and improving the red soil fertility.