含能气凝胶复合材料的制备及微量热学机理研究

高能量密度材料是含能材料发展的方向。本项目以含氮杂环、胍基、氨基和硝基等基团为能量单元，水溶性糖类、水溶性高分子为原料，采用水热合成方法，经冷冻干燥或超临界CO2干燥制备得到高能、高密度且感度可调控的含能气凝胶复合材料，通过EA、IR、UV、MS、NMR、XPS、BET、SEM及TEM对其进行组成、结构和形貌表征，明确共聚的能量基团与三维碳气凝胶骨架结合的结构信息；测定其燃烧能、爆速、爆压、感度以及热分解特性，归纳总结复合材料性质的结构效应；通过原位量热技术开展含能气凝胶复合材料形成过程中的热动力学研究，揭示其制备机理；进行配方试验，评价复合材料在双基推进剂中的燃烧效能，建立反应条件-结构-燃烧效能的关系，筛选得到高效的含能气凝胶复合材料。研究工作以全新的策略实现高能量密度含能材料的构筑，在线的量热学机理研究结果将为含能材料的可控制备提供理论和实验指导。

High energy density materials represents to the developing direction of the energetic materials. This project intends to prepare energetic composite materials with high energy, high density and tuned sensitivity using water-soluble sugars and polymers as the start materials and nitrogen heterocyclic, guanidine, amine and nitro group as units of energy through one-step hydrothermal synthesis, freeze-dried or supercritical CO2 techniques. The as-prepared energy aerogel materials would be structurally and morphologically characterized by EA, IR, UV, MS, NMR, XPS, BET, SEM and TEM, which provides the understanding of the structure of 3D energy aerogel composite materials with copolymerized energy groups. The explosive performance of the energy aerogel materials, including combustion energy, detonation velocity, detonation pressure, sensitivity and thermal decomposition characteristics, would be measured. Combination of the explosive property with the structure, the structural effect on property is being analysized and summarized. Through in-situ microcalorimetric technique, thermodynamics of the energy aerogel materials are being performed in order to disclose the preparation mechanism. The combustion tests of the targets will be explored and evaluated in aim to construct the relationship of reaction conditions - structure - the combustion property and further screen high efficiency energy aerogel materials. Importantly, the work develops the new strategy on the preparation of high energy density composite materials. On-line microcalorimetric mechanism would provide the experimental and theoretical guidance for the controllable preparation of energetic materials.