执行功能是儿童青少年重要的高级心理机能，探讨揭示其发展的影响因素与作用机制是该领域研究的前沿课题。童年中期至青少年期是执行功能发展的重要时期，同伴关系是影响执行功能的核心人际关系因素。本课题采用多队列纵向设计，对1、3、5和7年级等4个年龄组儿童青少年约600名进行为期3年的追踪，考察多水平同伴关系（同伴拒绝、接纳、侵害与友谊）对不同年龄儿童青少年执行功能核心成分（抑制、转换、工作记忆）的影响作用及其年龄差异；探讨交感神经、HPA轴等神经生理应激调控机能、以及反刍性认知、表达抑制等认知情感过程的中介作用，及其年龄差异。本项目可深化儿童青少年执行功能发展规律与复杂机制的科学认识，增进对于同伴经历在个体发展中功能的理解，且对儿童青少年良好发展与适应促进具现实意义。

Executive functions （EFs） are among the most significant mental abilities for children and adolescents. To reveal the influencing factors on EFs and related mechanisms is among the key research questions. EFs manifest dramatic developmental changes across middle childhood to adolescence, and peer relations contribute to development of EFs. Employing a multi-cohort 3-year longitudinal design, with 600 children from grade 1, 3, 5, and 7 as participants, the current study is to investigate the effects of multiple-level indicators of peer relations (peer rejection, acceptance, victimization and friendship) on EF components (inhibition, shifting, and working memory) and the possible age variations in the effects. We also examine the mediating roles of the functions of SNS and HPA axis and cognitive-emotional processes including rumination and expressive inhibition of negative emotions in the effects of peer relation on EFs. Findings from this study would contribute to the scientific understanding of EF development and the significant role of peer relations in development, and have implications for prompting child and adolescent development.