基于趋近和抑制动机理论，婴幼儿已表现出趋近、抑制等不同气质类型。气质对儿童早期社会适应产生重要作用。以往研究（包括我们的前期研究）发现趋近型儿童的社交能力强，但同时攻击、破坏行为也较多；相反，抑制型儿童则较易退缩。然而目前尚未见系统比较趋近和抑制型儿童社会适应发展及其作用机制和相关神经基础的研究。本项目拟基于一项对趋近和抑制型儿童社会适应发展的长期追踪，采用行为实验、行为观察、问卷测量、同伴提名等多种方法以及脑电和眼动等多种技术，在考察儿童趋近和抑制气质水平发展及其与趋近-抑制行为模式（对奖惩信息的注意偏向）或趋近-抑制生理模式（前额脑电不对称性）的关系的基础上，揭示不同气质类型儿童产生良好社会适应行为（社交行为）和不良社会适应行为（攻击行为、退缩行为）的短期和长期作用机制及其神经基础。该研究有助于加深理解气质对社会适应发展的影响，为针对不同气质类型儿童进行社会适应能力的因材施教提供指导。

From a theory of approach and inhibition motivation, infants vary on the temperaments of exuberance and behavioral inhibition. These temperaments play important roles in the development of social adaptation in early childhood. Previous studies including our research suggest that exuberant children displayed higher social competence as well as aggression than other children, while behaviorally inhibited children demonstrated more withdrawal behaviors than other children. Nevertheless, very few studies have ever compared the development of social adaptation in exuberant and inhibited children and exmained its mechanisms and neural bases. The current project is a longitudinal study about the development of social adaptation in exuberant or inhibited children. Based on the assessment of exuberance and behavioral inhibition in children and the investigation of the relation between temperament and behavioral patterns of approach-inhibition in attention bias or physiological patterns of approach-inhibition in frontal EEG asymmetry, the current project aims to examine the short-term and long-term mechanisms for the development of socially adaptive behaviors (social behaviors) and maladaptive behaviors (aggressive behaviors and withdrawal behaviors) in exuberant or inhibited children, using the mixed methods of behavioral experiment, lab observation, parents or tearchers' report and peer nomination, and the multiple techniques of EEG and eye-movment. The current exploration will greatly improve our understanding about the influences of temperament on social adaption, and give useful suggestions for the education of social adaptability in differentally temperamental children.