基于中日古典园林比较的借景理法的数字化研究

Chinese Classical Garden is endowed with unique, traditional wisdom of visual landscape, and the design of Borrowed Scenery is one of its essences. However, most of current studies prefer theoretical deduction, partly due to the defective situation about the era and number of existing gardens. Besides, because of the above defective situation and the disadvantage about traditional approaches in garden researches in aspect of practical application, the wisdom of Borrowed Scenery hasn’t been fully applied in the practice of contemporary landscape architecture. Thus, in this study, two typical districts of southwest Wu Prefecture in Suzhou and Jiufeng in Songjiang, as well as those gardens of Borrowed Scenery which have existed in the two districts, are selected as the research objects. Based on the textual research, a comparison between Chinese and Japanese gardens will be conducted to solve the defective situation of existing garden of China. Based on the theoretical analysis, Yuanyi will be summarized as the key concept of Borrowed Scenery, which will be converted to technical factors and quantitative indexes, and the analysis of landscape space and vision will be implemented by means of GIS and VR. Based on above analysis, relevant gardening theories will be summed up in aspects of site selection, garden’s layout and the composition of distant view, with a comparison between Chinese and Japanese gardens to explore their different form and factors. Consequently, the possible application will be studied in certain projects of landscape planning. Concretely, the concept of Yuanyi, technical factors and quantitative indexes will be integrated to compose a method of analysis and estimation, which could be applied in the visual estimation about landscape resource. Moreover, by GIS programming a model of analysis and preference on distant view will be designed and set up, which could be applied in the selection of scenic spots in landscape planning.

中国古典园林在视觉营造上独具传统智慧，借景理法是其核心之一。然而由于一方面现存园林实例的时代与数量的局限性造成借景研究中的理论演绎倾向，另一方面传统研究手段在实践转化上亦存在局限性，因而借景智慧并未能与当代风景园林实践充分衔接。介于此，本研究选取苏州旧吴县西南、松江九峰两个典型地带及曾经存在的大量借景园林为研究对象，在考据的基础上结合中日比较以补偿现存园林实例的局限性；在理论分析基础上提出“远意”这一核心理念，并将其转译为技术性因子及量化指标，开展基于GIS及虚拟现实技术的景观空间及视觉分析。在此基础上对园林选址与布局以及远景构成等进行造园理论的总结，并分析中日借景的不同地域性表现及其成因。同时结合风景园林规划设计实践进行应用转化研究：集成视觉分析中的理念、因子及指标构建分析评价体系，并利用GIS技术建立眺望景观的分析优选模型，以分别应用于风景资源的视觉评价以及风景区规划的景点优选。

借景理法是中国古典园林视觉营造的核心之一。一方面传统园林的借景的造园智慧尚未得到充分发掘，另一方面借景的理念与方法也并未能与当代风景园林实践充分衔接。针对这一情况，本研究选取苏州旧吴县西南、松江九峰、常熟虞山三个典型地带及曾经存在的大量借景园林为研究对象，基于历史文献，考察分析了借景的传统理念，同时开展了广泛的实地与文献调查，构建了包括大量文字、图像等信息在内的借景园林的数据库，在考据的基础上结合中日比较以补偿现存园林实例的局限性；在理论分析基础上提出“远意”这一核心理念，并将其转译为五个技术性因子及十三个量化指标，基于地理信息系统等数字化手段开展了定量与定性结合的分析，剖析了借景园林的空间与视觉特征，检证并深化了历史理论层面的结论。在此基础上对园林选址与布局以及远景构成等进行造园理论的总结，比较了中日借景园林规划设计的特点，概括为“小中见大”与“小后见大”两种模式，探讨了园林地域性对这两种模式的影响。同时结合风景园林规划设计实践进行应用转化研究，统合分析的要点、因子与方法，初步在风景区规划实践中得以运用，初步形成了眺望景观分析与选择的框架与方法。另外在研究过程中将研究对象从园林适当向传统风景名胜扩展，开展了大量的调查与分析，并为后续新的研究课题打下基础。

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