植物的繁殖器官（花），不仅吸引传粉者，还可能招致食花者的掠食。食花者取食繁殖配子直接降低植物的繁殖适合度，同时，它们啃食吸引传粉的花部组织也可能导致植株获得的传粉服务显著减少，进而间接地造成植株繁殖产量的减少。以往研究大多只是单一地从传粉者角度去解释花性状的进化和植物的有性生殖策略，实际上，食花者对有花植物繁殖成功造成的直接和间接影响也可能驱使植株和花性状的适应性进化。因此，开展多物种，尤其是不利共生的食花者和互利共生的传粉者共同作用下植物繁殖生物学研究是十分必要的。本项目以马先蒿属植物鹤首马先蒿为研究对象，开展食花者对花部性状的访花偏好以及传粉者访花行为的调查，通过控制实验测定食花者介入的传粉限制和资源限制之间的关系，尝试揭示食花者在植物花性状和交配系统进化中所扮演的角色，探讨植物应对食花的繁殖补偿机制，为深入理解有花植物-动物之间相互作用的生态和进化意义提供有益的信息和实验性的支持。

Flowering plants that depend on pollinators for fertilization are, also, attacked simultaneously by floral herbivores. Reproductive output of the attacked plants can be reduced directly because of loss of male and female gametes, and may indirectly due to damage to attractive parts that influence pollinator behavior. Previous studies have shown pollinators to exert selection on floral traits and sexual reproductive strategy. In fact, the direct and indirect effects of florivory on plant fecundity may be important enough to drive adaptive evolution in plant and floral traits. Therefore, multi-species, especially antagonisitic floral herbivores and mutualistic pollinators interaction affect plant reproductive biology research is very necessary. In this study, we will conduct a series of field experiments to determine the relative contribution of floral herbivores and pollinators to floral traits, mating systems and reproductive success in Pedicularis gruina in different populations and years. To reveal floral herbivores play the role in the adaptive evolution of floral traits and mating systems, and explore plant response the flower damage to adopt reproductive compensation mechanism. In light of this, our work will provide the instructive information and experimental supports for the better understanding of the ecology and evolutionary significance in flowering plant-animal interaction.