星系是宇宙中可观测的主要对象，其形成和演化机制对于研究宇宙结构有着很重要的意义。人们对星系的理解大部分建立在高表面亮度的星系观测基础上，对于低面亮度恒星成分的研究相对薄弱。因此，低面亮度恒星成分的研究，能够提供星系中恒星形成的有用信息，对于构建星系形成与演化的整体图像，具有重要意义。..本项目计划利用流体数值模拟研究低表面亮度恒星成分的空间分布、物理特性、物质密度分布等，为低表面亮度恒星成分的形成和演化提供更详细的理论图像。应用不同于传统子结构搜寻算法的星系模拟观测定义，本项目能够构建可以与观测结果直观比较的星系样本，并在数值模拟中认证低表面亮度恒星成分，精确定义各种性质。与高表面亮度星系的比较分析，从而拓展人们对星系模型的理解。结合低表面亮度恒星成分统计性质的红移演化和单个星系的具体演化历史，希望理解不同的物理过程对低表面亮度恒星成分的影响。

Galaxies are the main observable objects in the universe, and their formation and evolution mechanisms are of great significance to the study of the structure of the universe. Due to the development of the observation technology, modern optical observation has detected a lot of low surface brightness galaxy (LSBG), and low surface brightness stellar components diffused in the clusters(ICL). Preliminary studies have found that these low surface brightness structures in the properties such as, density profile, formation mechanism are different with high surface brightness galaxy (HSBG). In the most, people's understanding of galaxies was built on the observation of high surface brightness galaxies. Therefore, research of low surface brightness stellar components' properties can enhance our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution in a broader physical scales, promoting the advancement of cosmological model. ..This project plan to study the spatial distribution, physical properties, density profile of the low surface brightness stellar components in hydrodynamical simulations, which could help people detailedly understanding the formation and evolution of low surface brightness stellar components. By applying the mocking observational definition, which is different from the traditional substructure algorithm, this project can obtain galaxy samples and intra-cluster light comparable to the observations, and verify the low surface brightness stellar components in numerical simulations, and accurately define its physical properties. We can compare the differences of properties between LSBGs, ICLs and HSBGs, so as to improve our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution model. Combining the redshift evolution of statistical properties of LSBGs and ICLs in large scale simulations and the specific evolution history of individual galaxies in zoom-in simulations, the project hopes to obtain the impact of varied astrophysical processes on LSBGs and ICLs.