在超级电容器领域，由于传统活性炭的结构开放程度不足，使其倍率性能和电容值略逊于石墨烯类材料，但是具有制备工艺简单、成本低和高表面的优势。随着对高能量电容器需求的增加，开发兼具石墨烯和活性炭优异性能的新型结构炭材料日益重要。本项目拟采用以纤维素为主生物质为研究对象，结合水热反应和炭化-活化处理等手段实现低成本类石墨烯新型炭材料的可控制备，实现对炭纳米片层厚度的控制，并解决传统活性炭在离子液体体系高速率性能及电容表现欠佳的问题。重点考察介质环境、前驱体结构和反应条件对新型炭材料合成的影响，揭示生物质结构、组成与炭结构、形貌、成分之间的本质关系，并对合成机理进行推断与解释。建立炭材料结构与离子液体电化学性能的相互关系，并以此指导炭材料的结构调控。本项目从利用自然和纳米技术角度出发指导新型纳米结构炭材料的设计合成，为开发低成本、高能量、可用于极端环境的超级电容器的设计组装提供材料储备和理论支持。

For carbon-based supercapacitors, traditional activated carbons were widely used for commercial supercapacitors as a result of the advantages associated with their simple preparation process, low-cost and high surface area. However, graphene with open structure exhibited much better electrochemical performance than activated carbons. With the expanding of the range of commercial applications for supercapacitors, novel carbon materials combining the advantages of activated carbon and graphene attracted extensive attention. What would be ideal is to employ a relatively green carbonization method to create new carbon materials with graphene-like morphology, rather than activated carbon-like particulates, using biomass precursors. In this project, we proposed to utilize cellulose-based biomass as a feedstock to achieve the large-scale production of carbons with novel architectures by using hydrothermal method and carbonization-activation technique. The project aims to achieve the control of the thickness of carbon nanosheets and improve the electrochemical performance. The effects of hydrothermal environment, the structure of biomass, carbonization condition, and activation condition for the synthesis of carbon materials are mainly investigated, which can be beneficial for the clarification of the relationship between the composition and structure of precursor and the structure, composition, and morphology of carbon materials. In addition, this project also focuses on solving the problems of low capacitance and poor rate capability of traditional activated carbons in ionic liquids. By establishing the relationship between electrochemical property and porous structure of carbon materials, we can realize the aim of improving electrochemical performance of carbons in ionic liquids. By utilizing nature and nanotechnology to construct the design of new carbon architectures, low-cost supercapacitors with high energy density can be fabricated to extend the applications and accelerate the transition to “electrical economy”.