奖赏加工对人类的生存至关重要，奖赏系统的异常是多种神经精神疾病的核心症状。来自动物模型、行为实验和脑成像的证据支持了奖赏可以在时间上分解为奖赏期待和结果评价两个阶段。但是，奖赏的时间动力学特征决定了只有高时间分辨率的技术才能更为有效地对其进行研究。ERP具有精确到毫秒级的时间分辨率，可以将时间间隔非常接近的两个事件区分开来，是考察奖赏期待和结果评价的最佳选择。基于此，本项目以ERP技术为主，从奖赏的基本属性（量级、效价和概率）、时空特性（fMRI结合ERP）和个体差异（行为指标和特殊人群）三个层面，系统探索奖赏期待和结果评价的认知神经机制。该项目的开展将为我们了解奖赏加工的时间进程提供新的思路，其相关成果也将为奖赏相关的神经精神疾病的诊断和治疗提供重要的生物学标记。

Reward processing is crucial for human survival. Alterations in the reward system have been associated with various neuropsychiatric disorders. However, reward can be decomposed into two main successive phases: the anticipation phase and the outcome-appraisal phase, as evidenced by animal model, behavioral experiment, and neuroimaging methods. However, it is necessary to employ a new technique with high temporal resolution in order to investigate the chronometry of reward processing more efficiently. Unlike other neuroimaging approaches, the event-related potential (ERP) technique, with its superior temporal resolution, provides a unique opportunity to examine the neural dynamics of reward processing, which permits the separation of neural processes that occur very closely in time, such as the reward anticipation and outcome appraisal. The present project aimed to systemically investigate the cognitive-neural mechanisms of reward anticipation and outcome appraisal with respect to the basic properties of reward (magnitude, valence, and probability), the tempo-spatial features (combining ERP and fMRI), as well as individual differences (behavioral indexes and special groups). Our project would provide a new window for the time course of reward processing and biomarkers for the diagnosis and invention of various reward-related neuropsychiatric disorders.