石窟寺壁画突发性微生物病害成因机制及防治对策研究

古代壁画是人类文化遗产的重要组成部分，微生物退化与降解作用是威胁其长久保存和展示利用的重要因素，对于壁画微生物病害的防治一直是国内外文物保护领域未能有效解决的难题。本项目针对甘肃两处石窟寺近年连续爆发的微生物病害问题，利用分离鉴定与高通量测序等技术开展壁画微生物致病类群及群落特征分析；采用现状调查与基因测序等手段完成石窟内外节肢动物多样性、种群密度及其行为特点分析；探讨壁画病害菌与节肢动物间相互关系；通过对壁画制作材料、表面污染物、节肢动物、访客活动、洞窟形制、空气交换率及环境因子等进行关联性分析，确定诱发壁画微生物病害发生发展的关键因素和成因机制；运用宏基因组学和定量蛋白质组学技术揭示微生物降解壁画的相关分子机制。提出壁画微生物防治对策并建立防治技术体系，综合评价防治效果。研究成果可为壁画微生物病害防治提供参考依据，对于提升我国文化遗产保护的科技水平亦具有重要的现实意义。

Ancient wall paintings are an important part of human cultural heritage, while microbial deterioration and degradation are important factors that threaten their long-term preservation and exhibiting utilization. The prevention and control of mural microbial diseases are problems that have not been effectively solved in the field of cultural heritage conservation at home and abroad. This project is aimed at the microbial disease problems that have been ourbreaking in two cave temples of Gansu in recent years, the isolation and identification and high-throughput sequencing techniques are utilized to carry out the analysis of mural microbial pathogenic groups and community characteristics; use condition surveys and gene sequencing to complete the diversity of arthropods inside and outside the caves, their population density and behavior characteristics can be clarified; explore the relationship between mural disease microorganisms and arthropods; take the association analysis of murals materials, surface pollutants, arthropods, visitor activities, cave formation and air exchange rate, environmental factors etc. to clearly clarify the key factors and causes of the occurrence and development of microbial diseases in murals; apply the methods of metagenomics and quantitative proteomics to reveal the molecular mechanism of microbial degradation of wall paintings. Finally we will propose countermeasures against mural microorganisms and establish a controlling technological system to solve these microbial problems, and to evaluate control effects comprehensively. The research results can provide a reference basis for the prevention and treatment of mural microbial diseases, and also have an important practical significance for promoting the scientific and technological conservation level of cultural heritage sites in China.