Two's a crowd: phenotypic adjustments and prophylaxis in Anticarsia gemmatalis larvae are triggered by the presence of conspecifics.
Two's a crowd: phenotypic adjustments and prophylaxis in Anticarsia gemmatalis larvae are triggered by the presence of conspecifics.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0061582
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Elliot SL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Silva FW;Viol DL;Faria SV;Lima E;Valicente FH;Elliot SL
防御寄生虫和病原体涉及成本。因此，预计生物体仅在高人口密度下使用这种方法，其中病原体传播的风险可能很高，正如“密度依赖性预防”（DDP）假设所提出的那样。这些预测已经在广泛的昆虫中进行了测试，包括比较和实验研究。我们认为，在独居和群居昆虫之间考虑一个连续体是恰当的，其中：（1）独居昆虫是那些组成性独居，不表达任何表型可塑性的昆虫，（2）连续体的中间是受局部密度波动影响并显示出一系列兼性和可塑性变化的昆虫;（3）组成型群居型群居生活，即使在没有拥挤刺激的情况下也表现出群居表型。我们的目标是用一种昆虫来绘制一些中间连续体，这种昆虫呈现出孤独的方面，但它受到密度波动的影响。因此，黎豆夜蛾（鳞翅目：夜蛾科）幼虫饲养在较高的密度表现出颜色的变化，更大程度的包囊，有较高的血细胞密度和更耐杆状病毒anticarsia，但不是苏云金芽孢杆菌。同时，随着饲养密度的增加，被膜黑化减少。血细胞密度是唯一的变量，不根据幼虫表型变化。所观察到的反应是不是一个连续的函数幼虫密度，但一个全有或全无的反应，同种的存在。为. gemmatalis是不知道群居生活，但显示这些密度依赖性的变化，因此，似乎这种塑料表型调整可能是一个更广泛的现象比以前认为的。
Defence from parasites and pathogens involves a cost. Thus, it is expected that organisms use this only at high population densities, where the risk of pathogen transmission may be high, as proposed by the "density-dependent prophylaxis" (DDP) hypothesis. These predictions have been tested in a wide range of insects, both in comparative and experimental studies. We think it pertinent to consider a continuum between solitarious and gregarious living insects, wherein: (1) solitarious insects are those that are constitutively solitary and do not express any phenotypic plasticity, (2) the middle of the continuum is represented by insects that are subject to fluctuations in local density and show a range of facultative and plastic changes; and (3) constitutively gregarious forms live gregariously and show the gregarious phenotype even in the absence of crowding stimuli. We aimed to chart some of the intermediary continuum with an insect that presents solitarious aspects, but that is subject to fluctuations in density. Thus, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae reared at higher densities showed changes in coloration, a greater degree of encapsulation, had higher hemocyte densities and were more resistant to Baculovirus anticarsia, but not to Bacillus thuringiensis. Meanwhile, with increased rearing density there was reduced capsule melanization. Hemocyte density was the only variable that did not vary according to larval phenotype. The observed responses were not a continuous function of larval density, but an all-or-nothing response to the presence of a conspecific. As A. gemmatalis is not known for gregarious living, yet shows these density-dependent changes, it thus seems that this plastic phenotypic adjustment may be a broader phenomenon than previously thought.
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影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Berggren, Asa
通讯作者：
Berggren, Asa
影响因子：
4.8
作者：
Cotter, SC;Hails, RS;Wilson, K
通讯作者：
Wilson, K
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2000.0984
发表时间：
2000-01-22
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Barnes, AI;Siva-Jothy, MT
通讯作者：
Siva-Jothy, MT
影响因子：
1.9
作者：
Mensah, BA;Gatehouse, AG
通讯作者：
Gatehouse, AG
Anopheles的死亡率既取决于年龄和疟原虫密度：对疟疾传播的影响。
影响因子：
3
作者：
Dawes EJ;Churcher TS;Zhuang S;Sinden RE;Basáñez MG
通讯作者：
Basáñez MG