The moral obligation to be vaccinated: utilitarianism, contractualism, and collective easy rescue.
The moral obligation to be vaccinated: utilitarianism, contractualism, and collective easy rescue.
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要接种疫苗的道德义务：功利主义，合同主义和集体轻松救援。
DOI：
10.1007/s11019-018-9829-y
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发表时间：
2018-12
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Savulescu J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Giubilini A;Douglas T;Savulescu J
我们认为，有机会接种疫苗且疫苗接种在医学上没有禁忌的个人有道德义务通过接种疫苗为实现群体免疫做出贡献。与某些人所声称的相反，我们认为，尽管每次单独接种疫苗不会显著影响疫苗接种覆盖率，因此不会显著促进群体免疫，但这种个人道德义务仍然存在。尽管每次疫苗接种对实现群体免疫的贡献微不足道，但确立接种疫苗（成人和儿童）的道德义务是重要的，因为这种道德义务将加强强制性疫苗接种政策的理由。我们展示了两种类型的论证——即基于帕菲特群体慈善原则的功利主义论证和契约主义论证——可以为接种疫苗的个人道德义务提供依据，尽管任何单一疫苗对疫苗覆盖率的贡献都是难以察觉的。我们进一步论证了接种疫苗的道德义务，这并不需要接受有问题的综合道德理论，如功利主义或契约主义。这一论点的依据是适用于集体的“易于救助的义务”，这是基于实现群体免疫的集体道德义务，以及公平分配实现群体免疫必须承担的负担的原则。
We argue that individuals who have access to vaccines and for whom vaccination is not medically contraindicated have a moral obligation to contribute to the realisation of herd immunity by being vaccinated. Contrary to what some have claimed, we argue that this individual moral obligation exists in spite of the fact that each individual vaccination does not significantly affect vaccination coverage rates and therefore does not significantly contribute to herd immunity. Establishing the existence of a moral obligation to be vaccinated (both for adults and for children) despite the negligible contribution each vaccination can make to the realisation of herd immunity is important because such moral obligation would strengthen the justification for coercive vaccination policies. We show that two types of arguments—namely a utilitarian argument based on Parfit’s Principle of Group Beneficence and a contractualist argument—can ground an individual moral obligation to be vaccinated, in spite of the imperceptible contribution that any single vaccination makes to vaccine coverage rates. We add a further argument for a moral obligation to be vaccinated that does not require embracing problematic comprehensive moral theories such as utilitarianism or contractualism. The argument is based on a “duty of easy rescue” applied to collectives, which grounds a collective moral obligation to realise herd immunity, and on a principle of fairness in the distribution of the burdens that must be borne to realise herd immunity.
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影响因子：
2.2
作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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