The impact of billboards on driver visual behavior: a systematic literature review.
The impact of billboards on driver visual behavior: a systematic literature review.
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DOI：
10.1080/15389588.2014.936407
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Stavrinos D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Decker JS;Stannard SJ;McManus B;Wittig SM;Sisiopiku VP;Stavrinos D
外部分心似乎至少会影响6-9%受分心影响的机动车碰撞事故。一般来说，广告牌可能是研究外部分心的很好的模型，而且了解与广告牌相关的分心本身也是可取的。然而，关于广告牌相关分心的范围或其在司机、广告牌、交通和道路的特征方面的动态，目前还没有明确的共识。为了缩小这些知识差距，对广告牌相关的驾驶员视觉行为变化进行了系统的文献综述。系统的文献检索得到443个结果，其中8个研究符合所有纳入标准。后来确定并添加了五项符合所有纳入标准的研究。结果根据4类视觉行为进行分析：(1)凝视变异性(GV)、扫视模式活动(GPA)和扫视前方道路的时间百分比；(2)扫视意外的驾驶相关刺激；(3)扫视预期的驾驶相关刺激；(4)扫视广告牌。有相当多的证据表明，在所有观看广告牌的人中，约有10-20%是≥0.75%的S，主动广告牌比被动广告牌吸引了更多的目光和更长的目光(≥0.75S，≥2.0S)，但没有吸引更长的平均目光，以及不同类别的广告牌之间存在很大的差异(例如，主动与被动)。广告牌在多大程度上吸引了≥2.0的目光，S还不确定。有初步证据表明，广告牌不会影响GPA、对预期驾驶相关刺激的扫视或司机扫视前方车道的时间比例，它们确实影响垂直GV和对意想不到的驾驶相关刺激的扫视。一般来说，与广告牌相关的分心似乎是次要的，随着驾驶任务的需求发生变化，司机会对其进行控制。然而，这项审查的结果表明，这可能并非在所有情况下都是正确的。未来的研究应该在视觉行为的分析和驾驶任务的复杂性两个方面，除了平均情况外，强调分布的尾部。还需要进一步的研究来了解广告牌设计、驾驶员特征以及道路和交通环境的影响。
External distraction appears to affect at least 6–9% of distraction-affected motor vehicle collisions. Billboards may be good models for studying external distraction in general, and it is also desirable to understand billboard-related distraction per se. However, there has not yet been a clear consensus on the scope of billboard-related distraction or its dynamics with respect to characteristics of drivers, billboards, traffic, and the roadway. To narrow these knowledge gaps, a systematic literature review was conducted on billboard-related changes in driver visual behavior. A systematic literature search yielded 443 results, of which 8 studies met all inclusion criteria. Five studies meeting all inclusion criteria were later identified and added. Results were analyzed in terms of 4 categories of visual behavior: (1) gaze variability (GV), glance pattern activity (GPA), and percentage of time spent glancing at the forward roadway; (2) glances at unexpected drive-relevant stimuli; (3) glances at expected drive-relevant stimuli; and (4) glances at billboards. There was considerable evidence that about 10–20% of all glances at billboards were ≥0.75 s, that active billboards drew more glances and more long glances (≥0.75 s, ≥2.0 s) than passive billboards but did not attract a longer average glance, and that there was large variability among individual billboards within categories (e.g., active vs. passive). The extent to which billboards attracted glances ≥ 2.0 s was uncertain. There was tentative evidence that billboards did not affect GPA, glances at expected drive-relevant stimuli, or the proportion of time drivers spent glancing at the forward roadway and that they did affect vertical GV and glances at unexpected drive-relevant stimuli. Generally, billboard-related distraction appeared to be minor and regulated by drivers as the demands of the driving task changed. However, this review’s findings suggest that this may not be true in all cases. Future research should emphasize the tails of the distribution in addition to average cases, in terms of both the analysis of visual behavior and the complexity of driving tasks. Further research is also needed to understand the effects of billboard design, driver characteristics, and road and traffic context.
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影响因子：
1.7
作者：
Horrey, William J.;Wickens, Christopher D.
通讯作者：
Wickens, Christopher D.
影响因子：
1.7
作者：
Divekar, Gautam;Pradhan, Anuj Kumar;Fisher, Donald L.
通讯作者：
Fisher, Donald L.
影响因子：
3.2
作者：
Edquist, Jessica;Horberry, Tim;Johnston, Ian
通讯作者：
Johnston, Ian
DOI：
10.3141/1899-13
发表时间：
2004-01-01
期刊：
DRIVER AND VEHICLE SIMULATION, HUMAN PERFORMANCE, AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR HIGHWAYS; RAILROAD SAFETY; AND VISUALIZATION IN TRANSPORTATION
影响因子：
--
作者：
Beijer, D;Smiley, A;Eizenman, M
通讯作者：
Eizenman, M
DOI：
10.3141/1899-10
发表时间：
2004-01-01
期刊：
DRIVER AND VEHICLE SIMULATION, HUMAN PERFORMANCE, AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR HIGHWAYS; RAILROAD SAFETY; AND VISUALIZATION IN TRANSPORTATION
影响因子：
--
作者：
Smiley, A;Smahel, T;Eizenman, M
通讯作者：
Eizenman, M