Dark Nudges and Sludge in Big Alcohol: Behavioral Economics, Cognitive Biases, and Alcohol Industry Corporate Social Responsibility.
Dark Nudges and Sludge in Big Alcohol: Behavioral Economics, Cognitive Biases, and Alcohol Industry Corporate Social Responsibility.
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DOI：
10.1111/1468-0009.12475
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发表时间：
2020-12
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
VAN Schalkwyk MC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Petticrew M;Maani N;Pettigrew L;Rutter H;VAN Schalkwyk MC
轻推引导人们做出某些选择，但也允许他们走自己的路。“暗推”旨在改变消费者的行为，违背他们的最佳利益。“污泥”利用认知偏见使行为改变更加困难。我们已经确定了酒精行业企业社会责任（CSR）材料中的黑暗推动和污泥。这破坏了他们传播的关于酒精危害的信息，并可能使饮酒正常化或鼓励饮酒。政策制定者和从业者应该意识到酒精行业是如何利用黑暗的推动和污泥来向公众宣传酒精危害的错误信息的。“助推”和其他行为经济学方法利用常见的认知偏差（思维过程中的系统性错误）来影响行为和决策。鼓励消费有害产品的推动（例如，利用赌徒的认知偏见）被称为“黑暗推动”。“污泥”一词也被用来描述利用认知偏见使行为更难改变的策略。这项研究旨在确定酒精行业（AI）资助的企业社会责任（CSR）组织是否使用了黑暗推动和污泥，如果是，则确定它们如何与现有的推动概念框架保持一致。这一信息将有助于决策者、研究人员和民间社会查明和缓解这些风险。我们系统地搜索了AI CSR组织的网站和资料（例如，IARD、Drinkaware、Drinkwise、Éduc'alcool）;由独立评分员对样本进行编码，并进行分类以供进一步分析。暗推似乎用于人工智能关于“负责任饮酒”的交流。这些方法包括社会规范（告诉消费者“大多数人”都在喝酒）和通过提供口头和图片暗示来引导饮酒者喝酒，同时警告酒精的危害。污泥，如使用特定的字体，颜色和设计布局，似乎使用认知偏见，使有关酒精危害的健康相关信息难以获取，并增加了对错误信息的暴露。轻推型机制也是人工智能混合信息的基础，特别是替代因果关系论点，它提出了酒精危害的非酒精原因。酒精行业的企业社会责任机构使用黑暗的推动和污泥，利用消费者的认知偏见，促进关于酒精危害的混合信息，并破坏科学证据。政策制定者、从业者和公众需要了解此类技术如何被用来将消费者推向行业错误信息。本文中提出的修改后的类型学可能有助于识别和进一步分析暗推和污泥。
Nudges steer people toward certain options but also allow them to go their own way. “Dark nudges” aim to change consumer behavior against their best interests. “Sludge” uses cognitive biases to make behavior change more difficult. We have identified dark nudges and sludge in alcohol industry corporate social responsibility (CSR) materials. These undermine the information on alcohol harms that they disseminate, and may normalize or encourage alcohol consumption. Policymakers and practitioners should be aware of how dark nudges and sludge are used by the alcohol industry to promote misinformation about alcohol harms to the public. “Nudges” and other behavioral economic approaches exploit common cognitive biases (systematic errors in thought processes) in order to influence behavior and decision‐making. Nudges that encourage the consumption of harmful products (for example, by exploiting gamblers’ cognitive biases) have been termed “dark nudges.” The term “sludge” has also been used to describe strategies that utilize cognitive biases to make behavior change harder. This study aimed to identify whether dark nudges and sludge are used by alcohol industry (AI)–funded corporate social responsibility (CSR) organizations, and, if so, to determine how they align with existing nudge conceptual frameworks. This information would aid their identification and mitigation by policymakers, researchers, and civil society. We systematically searched websites and materials of AI CSR organizations (e.g., IARD, Drinkaware, Drinkwise, Éduc'alcool); examples were coded by independent raters and categorized for further analysis. Dark nudges appear to be used in AI communications about “responsible drinking.” The approaches include social norming (telling consumers that “most people” are drinking) and priming drinkers by offering verbal and pictorial cues to drink, while simultaneously appearing to warn about alcohol harms. Sludge, such as the use of particular fonts, colors, and design layouts, appears to use cognitive biases to make health‐related information about the harms of alcohol difficult to access, and enhances exposure to misinformation. Nudge‐type mechanisms also underlie AI mixed messages, in particular alternative causation arguments, which propose nonalcohol causes of alcohol harms. Alcohol industry CSR bodies use dark nudges and sludge, which utilize consumers’ cognitive biases to promote mixed messages about alcohol harms and to undermine scientific evidence. Policymakers, practitioners, and the public need to be aware of how such techniques are used to nudge consumers toward industry misinformation. The revised typology presented in this article may help with the identification and further analysis of dark nudges and sludge.
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