On the relevance of structure preservation to simulations of muscle actuated movements

On the relevance of structure preservation to simulations of muscle actuated movements
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关于结构保存与肌肉驱动运动模拟的相关性

DOI:
10.1007/s10237-011-0332-0
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发表时间:
2012
影响因子:
3.5
通讯作者:
S. Leyendecker
S. Leyendecker
中科院分区:
工程技术2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
R. Maas;T. Siebert;S. Leyendecker

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在这项工作中,我们实现了一个典型的非线性希尔型肌肉模型的结构保持仿真框架,并调查与标准的肌肉驱动的运动与MATLAB/Simulink模拟的差异。后者是解决动力学问题的常用工具,特别是在生物力学研究中。尽管用于比较的示例很简单,但很明显,MATLAB/Simulink积分器在动态仿真期间人为地释放或获得能量和角动量。与非常低的实际肌肉工作相关的MATLAB/Simulink积分器的相对能量误差自然可以达到很大的值,甚至高于100%。但在大肌肉工作期间,相对能量误差也高达2%。即使在非常小的时间步长的仿真中,使用MATLAB/Simulink仍然存在能量和角动量误差,并且可以(至少部分地)对长期仿真中的相位误差负责。商业积分器的这种典型行为是已知的,以增加更复杂的模型或更大的时间步长的计算,其使用是至关重要的效率,特别是在最佳控制模拟的背景下。与此相反,时间步进计划是从离散变分原理产生离散的类似物的欧拉-拉格朗日方程和Noethers定理。这确保了系统的结构得到保持,即模拟结果是辛的和动量一致的,并且表现出良好的能量行为(无漂移)。
In this work, we implement a typical nonlinear Hill-type muscle model in a structure-preserving simulation framework and investigate the differences to standard simulations of muscle-actuated movements with MATLAB/Simulink. The latter is a common tool to solve dynamical problems, in particular, in biomechanic investigations. Despite the simplicity of the examples used for comparison, it becomes obvious that the MATLAB/Simulink integrators artificially loose or gain energy and angular momentum during dynamic simulations. The relative energy error of the MATLAB/Simulink integrators related to a very low actual muscle work can naturally reach large values, even higher than 100%. But also during periods with large muscle work, the relative energy error reaches up to 2%. Even in simulations with very small time steps, energy and angular momentum errors are still present using MATLAB/Simulink and can (at least partially) be responsible for phase errors in long-term simulations. This typical behaviour of commercial integrators is known to increase for more complex models or for computations with larger time steps, whose use is crucial for efficiency, especially in the context of optimal control simulations. In contrast to that, time-stepping schemes being derived from a discrete variational principle yield discrete analogues of the Euler–Lagrange equations and Noethers theorem. This ensures that the structure of the system is preserved, i.e. the simulation results are symplectic and momentum consistent and exhibit a good energy behaviour (no drift).
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