Combining epidemiology with basic biology of sand flies, parasites, and hosts to inform leishmaniasis transmission dynamics and control.
Combining epidemiology with basic biology of sand flies, parasites, and hosts to inform leishmaniasis transmission dynamics and control.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.ppat.1006571
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发表时间：
2017-10
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Bern C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Courtenay O;Peters NC;Rogers ME;Bern C
对利什曼原虫、沙蝇媒介和哺乳动物宿主关系中的非线性异质性进行量化，有助于更好地了解利什曼传播流行病学，从而改善其控制。这种寄生虫通过产生前鞭毛体分泌凝胶(PSG)来操纵沙蝇，导致“受阻沙蝇”表型、持续取食尝试和对多个寄主的取食。将PSG注射到带有寄生虫的哺乳动物宿主中，促进感染的建立。动物模型表明，寄生虫负载最高的沙蝇和超环前鞭毛虫传播更多的寄生虫，频率更高，导致更高的负载感染，更有可能成为有症状和有效的宿主。哺乳动物和沙蝇的存在为临床利什曼病的时空聚集性提供了生物学基础。沙蝇的吸血行为将决定室内滞留喷洒、局部杀虫剂和蚊帐的效果。干预措施需要有足够的覆盖面，以包括传播热点，特别是在缺乏评估传染性的现场工具的情况下。在没有消除的情况下减少沙蝇密度的干预措施可能会产生负面后果，例如，通过干扰接触沙蝇唾液产生的部分免疫力。更深入地了解沙蝇和宿主的生物学和行为对于确保媒介干预的有效性至关重要。我们回顾了最近的研究，揭示了沙蝇和哺乳动物宿主之间利什曼传播的数量生物学，并利用这些见解更好地了解传播，观察到的这种疾病的流行病学，以及它们对控制策略选择的影响。通过动物模型，我们展示了寄生虫诱导的过程是如何操纵沙蝇的取血行为和感染的半循环剂量，以促进宿主感染，并差异地调节个体媒介和宿主的向前传播潜力。哺乳动物和沙蝇“超级传播者”亚群的存在为临床利什曼病的时空聚集提供了生物学基础。虽然没有工具来区分混合人群中的这些人，但需要全面的干预措施，以确保包括传播热点。在没有消除的情况下减少沙蝇密度的干预措施可能会干扰媒介-宿主动态，并赋予宿主种群部分免疫力。
Quantitation of the nonlinear heterogeneities in Leishmania parasites, sand fly vectors, and mammalian host relationships provides insights to better understand leishmanial transmission epidemiology towards improving its control. The parasite manipulates the sand fly via production of promastigote secretory gel (PSG), leading to the “blocked sand fly” phenotype, persistent feeding attempts, and feeding on multiple hosts. PSG is injected into the mammalian host with the parasite and promotes the establishment of infection. Animal models demonstrate that sand flies with the highest parasite loads and percent metacyclic promastigotes transmit more parasites with greater frequency, resulting in higher load infections that are more likely to be both symptomatic and efficient reservoirs. The existence of mammalian and sand fly “super-spreaders” provides a biological basis for the spatial and temporal clustering of clinical leishmanial disease. Sand fly blood-feeding behavior will determine the efficacies of indoor residual spraying, topical insecticides, and bed nets. Interventions need to have sufficient coverage to include transmission hot spots, especially in the absence of field tools to assess infectiousness. Interventions that reduce sand fly densities in the absence of elimination could have negative consequences, for example, by interfering with partial immunity conferred by exposure to sand fly saliva. A deeper understanding of both sand fly and host biology and behavior is essential to ensuring effectiveness of vector interventions. We review recent research that sheds light on the quantitative biology of leishmanial transmission between sand flies and mammalian hosts and use these insights to better understand transmission, the observed epidemiology of the disease, and their implications in choice of control strategy. Using animal models, we show how the parasite-induced processes manipulate sand fly blood-feeding behavior and the infectious metacyclic dose to promote host infection and to differentially regulate the onward transmission potential of individual vectors and hosts. The existence of subpopulations of mammalian and sand fly “super-spreaders” provides a biological basis for the spatial and temporal clustering of clinical leishmanial disease. While tools are unavailable to distinguish these individuals in mixed populations, blanket interventions will be necessary to ensure inclusion of transmission hot spots. Interventions that reduce sand fly densities without elimination could interfere with vector—host dynamics and conferred partial immunity to host populations.
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影响因子：
1.9
作者：
DYE, C;GUY, MW;KILLICKKENDRICK, R
通讯作者：
KILLICKKENDRICK, R
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Courtenay, O;Quinnell, RJ;Dye, C
通讯作者：
Dye, C
影响因子：
4
作者：
Bates PA
通讯作者：
Bates PA
DOI：
10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.744
发表时间：
2006-10-01
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Bern, Caryn;Amann, Josef;Maguire, James H.
通讯作者：
Maguire, James H.
影响因子：
6.4
作者：
EVANS, TG;TEIXEIRA, MJ;PEARSON, RD
通讯作者：
PEARSON, RD