Hunger and Satiety Produced by Simple Sugar

目前大多数关于饥饿的理论都预测葡萄糖应该能让人吃饱。没有人会预测葡萄糖或其他单糖可能会刺激饥饿或食欲，但单糖产生饥饿和食欲的效果已经在实验中得到了证明。例如，盖塞尔曼博士已经证明，正如预期的那样，当葡萄糖缓慢注入十二指肠时，兔子随后的食物摄入量会减少。然而，当葡萄糖迅速注入十二指肠时，兔子的摄食量几乎翻了一番。盖塞尔曼博士的研究试图确定为什么葡萄糖有时会让人感到饱，而有时会让人产生饥饿感。她将进行实验，以确定荷尔蒙和代谢机制，以确定在十二指肠缓慢注射葡萄糖时产生饱足感的机制，以及在十二指肠中快速注射葡萄糖时产生饥饿的激素和代谢机制。盖塞尔曼博士的研究将提供对控制食物摄入量的基本生理机制的洞察，更具体地说，是将糖摄入量与饥饿动机联系起来。盖塞尔曼博士假设：(1)当葡萄糖的胰岛素水平适度上升，不足以产生低血糖时，葡萄糖是饱和的；(2)当葡萄糖随后胰岛素水平大幅上升，足以产生低血糖时，葡萄糖会刺激进一步的饥饿感，以及(3)当葡萄糖很容易转化为脂肪时，葡萄糖的刺激饥饿作用就会发生。

Most current theories of hunger predict that glucose should be satiating. None would predict that glucose or other simple sugars could act as hunger or appetite stimulants, yet the hunger- and appetite-producing effects of simple sugars have been demonstrated experimentally. For example, Dr. Geiselman has shown that, when glucose was slowly infused into the duodenum, rabbits decreased their subsequent food intake, as would be expected. However, when glucose was rapidly infused into the duodenum, the rabbits nearly doubled their food intake. Dr. Geiselman's research is attempting to determine why glucose sometimes is satiating and at other times acts to produce hunger. She will carry out experiments designed to determine the hormonal and metabolic mechanisms that produce satiety in response to slow infusions of glucose into the duodenum and hunger in response to fast infusions of glucose into the duodenum. Dr. Geiselman's research will provide insight into the basic physiological mechanisms that control food intake and, more specifically, that relate sugar intake to hunger motivation. Dr. Geiselman hypothesizes: (1) that glucose is satiating when it is followed by a moderate rise in insulin level that is insufficient to produce hypoglycemia, (2) that glucose stimulates further hunger when it is followed by a great elevation in insulin level that is sufficient to produce hypoglycemia, and (3) that the hunger-stimulating effect of glucose occurs when glucose is readily converted to fat.