Evolution of Life History in Papilio Species.

雌雄间和雌雄内选择在两种燕尾蝶性别限制模仿进化中的作用比较。黑燕尾和虎燕尾（Papilio polyxenes和P. glaucus）都表现出对只有雌性才有的令人讨厌的管尾燕尾（batus philenor）的模仿。雄性对新颖的模仿颜色的选择，要么是因为雌性对典型雄性的交配偏好，要么是因为新颖雄性在与典型雄性的直接竞争中成功率降低。通过一系列的平行实验，研究者将比较雌性雌雄间选择和雄性雌雄内选择对雄性祖先颜色维持的影响。这些有亲缘关系的蝴蝶在交配系统上的巨大差异将有助于区分不同的选择。雌雄间的选择对黑燕尾来说可能非常重要，因为黑燕尾的雄性是聚集在一起的，并且具有侵略性的领土意识，但对虎燕尾来说可能不太重要，因为虎燕尾的雄性是分散的，它们会广泛地巡逻寻找雌性。颜色的影响将通过改变雄性的外表来评估，使其与雌性相似，然后将它们在求爱、交配、领土防御和配偶定位方面的成功与未改变的雄性进行比较。观察到的效应可归因于雌雄间或雌雄内的选择。这项研究的结果将提高我们对拟态和保护色的进化的理解。它将提供替代性选择假说的第一个实验测试，并估计每个假说的相对重要性。从应用的角度来看，该研究将显示控制或改变视觉导向害虫物种交配成功率的潜力。此外，了解生殖隔离的机制将有助于我们了解这些物种的基因流动。这对于预测天然植物毒素或杀虫剂的抗性基因在自然种群或害虫种群中的运动可能是重要的。

A comparison of the roles of intra and intersexual selection in the evolution of sex-limited mimicry in two swallowtail butterflies. Both black and tiger swallowtails (Papilio polyxenes and P. glaucus) exhibit mimicry of the distasteful pipevine swallowtail (Battus philenor) that is limited to females. Selection against novel mimetic coloration in males results either from mating preferences for typical males by females or the reduced success of novel males in direct competition with typical males. Using a series of parallel experiments, the investigators will compare the impact of female intersexual selection with that of male intrasexual selection on the maintenance of the ancestral color in males. The profound differences in the mating systems of these related butterflies will aid in distinguishing between the alternatives. Intrasexual selection may be very important in the black swallowtail, where males are aggregated and aggressively territorial, but is unlikely to be important in the tiger swallowtail, where males are dispersed and patrol widely for females. The influence of coloration will be evaluated by altering the appearance of males to resemble females, then comparing their success in courtship, copulation, territorial defense and mate location with unaltered males. Observed effects will be attributable to either inter- or intrasexual selection. The results of this research will improve our understanding of the evolution of mimicry and protective coloration. It will provide the first experimental test of the alternative sexual selection hypotheses and estimate the relative importance of each. From the applied viewpoint, the research will indicate the potential to control or alter mating success in visually oriented insect pest species. In addition, knowing the mechanisms of reproductive isolation will aid us in understanding gene flow in these species. This could be important in predicting the movement of resistance genes to natural plant toxins or pesticides in natural or pest populations.