The Humanistic Tradition in Russian Psychology

人们普遍认为，当代俄罗斯心理学的主要灵感来自俄罗斯反射学家的生理模型和马克思主义社会科学。生理学范式在巴甫洛夫的高级神经活动理论及其许多修改中得到了最著名的实现。粗略地说，巴甫洛维亚人以狗的唾液反射的实验形成为研究模型，并逐渐将其发展成一个概念，旨在用他们所说的“中枢神经系统的特性”来解释动物和人类的整个行为。社会理论思潮起源于20世纪20年代的S，当时心理学家们努力构建一种与社会主义社会“新人”的社会形态相对应的“新心理学”。柯祖林教授在这项研究中的目标是追溯当代俄罗斯心理学的第三个启示，这是一种人文主义传统，它的理论模型源于人文科学，更具体地说，它的灵感来自文献学、话语分析和文学学术。这一在西方并不广为人知的传统回应了俄罗斯民族文化中浓厚的“文学”传统，并为一种特殊的“俄罗斯”心理创造了条件。这种人文主义传统的复兴是因为现代苏联神经科学和社会基础心理学在战后经历了危机，尤其是在1960年的S时期。这种人文主义传统在米哈伊尔·巴赫金(Mikhail Bakhtin，1895年-1975年)的“创作的生活”概念和列夫·维果茨基(Lev Vygosky，1896年-1934年)对文学形式的心理关联性的研究中得到了最好的体现。他们的研究被费奥多·瓦西柳克重新发现，并被用于他在20世纪80年代的著作《S》中，从当时处于危机中的生理学和马克思主义方法中提供了一种替代的心理学方法。因此，科祖林教授对俄罗斯心理学的第三个传统的研究为心理学家和历史学家提供了对苏联科学当前发展的更大洞察力。

There is a general consensus that the major inspirations of contemporary Russian psychology came from physiological models of Russian reflexologists and from the Marxist social sciences. The physiological paradigm found its best known realization in Pavlov's theory of higher nervous activity and in numerous modifications of it. Roughly speaking, Pavlovians took an experimental formation of a salivary reflex in dogs as a research model and gradually developed it into a concept aimed at explaining the whole of animal and human behavior in terms of what they called "properties of the Central Nervous System." The social theory trend has its roots in the 1920's when psychologists struggled to formulate a "new psychology" which would correspond to the social formation of a "new man" of a socialist society. Professor Kozulin's goal in this research is to trace back a third inspiration for contemporary Russian psychology, a humanistic tradition which derives its theoretical models and receives its inspiration from the humanities and more specifically from philology, discourse analysis and literary scholarship. This tradition which is not well known in the West responds to the strong "literary" tradition of the Russian national culture and creates a case for a specifically "Russian" psychology. This humanistic tradition was resurrected because of the crisis which both modern Soviet neuroscience and socially grounded psychology experienced in the post-war period, especially in the 1960's. The humanistic tradition is best exemplified in the "life as authoring" concept of Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-1975) and the study of the psychological relevance of literary form by Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934). Their studies have been rediscovered by Feodor Vasiliuk and used in his work in the 1980's to offer an alternative approach to psychology from the physiological and the Marxist approaches then in crisis. Professor Kozulin's study of this third tradition of Russian psychology thus offers both psychologists and historians greater insights into current developments in Soviet science.