Professional Development Award in Science, Technology, and Society

赖斯教授是一位物理化学家，他正在进行一项为期两年的 半日制学习和研究计划的历史和 化学哲学在Noretta Koertge教授的指导下， 印第安纳州大学。 他正在进行理论比较 和机械解释渗透，无论是普通的， 反常，由化学家，生物学家和物理学家提出。 渗透是他进行科学研究的一个主题， 研究和学习 它代表了一个相当大的案例研究， 对历史学家和科学哲学家的潜在价值。 下 利用这笔赠款，他将参加研究生调查和研讨会 科学史和科学哲学以及有组织的阅读 这一领域的基础和重要工作计划。 而 定期与历史系进行磋商， 在印第安纳州大学的科学哲学，赖斯教授将 用它的竞争理论来研究渗透的历史。 这段历史一直到范特时代都是相当简单的 霍夫对渗透压进行了热力学分析 基于稀溶液和气体之间的类比。 然而，在这一点上，化学家们对机械论失去了兴趣。 渗透作用的描述，尽管生理学家一直认为 他们的兴趣和竞争对手的解释热烈讨论。 其中一些生理学家主张张力溶剂理论， 这似乎消除了活动概念的必要性， 在热力学中。 对所谓的反常渗透的兴趣， 其中包括带电的 膜和溶液中的离子，开发于20世纪初 仍然占据着化学家和生物学家的时间。 赖斯教授的目标是研究方法，问题， 科学家的信念和可接受的答案、模型和理论 从不同的学科或范式研究相同的 （1）历史发展， 不同范式的相关主题内容，（2） 语言发展中的语义或语言差异 不同的范式来讨论相同的现象，（3） 对类似问题的可接受答案的认识论差异 问题.

Professor Rice, a physical chemist, is undertaking a two year half-time study and research program in the history and philosophy of chemistry under Professor Noretta Koertge of Indiana University. He is undertaking a comparison of theories and mechanistic explanations for osmosis, both ordinary and anomalous, proposed by chemists, biologists, and physicists. Osmosis is a topic on which he has carried out scientific research and study. It represents a case study of considerable potential value to historians and philosophers of science. Under this grant, he will participate in graduate surveys and seminars in the history and philosophy of science and an organized reading program of basic and essential works in this area. While undertaking regular consultation with the faculty in history and philosophy of science at Indiana University, Professor Rice will be examining the history of osmosis with its competing theories. This history is fairly straightforward up to the time of van't Hoff who carried out a thermodynamic analysis of osmotic pressure on the basis of the analogy between dilute solutions and gases. At this point, however, chemists lost interest in mechanistic descriptions of osmosis, although physiologists have maintained their interest and a lively discussion of rival interpretations. Some of these physiologists advocate the tensile solvent theory, which appears to eliminate the need for the concept of activity in thermodynamics. An interest in so-called anomalous osmosis, which includes electrostatic interactions between charged membranes and the ions in solution, developed in the early 1900s and still occupies the time of both chemists and biologists. Professor Rice's goal is to investigate approaches, questions, beliefs and acceptable answers, models and theories of scientists from different disciplines or paradigms studying the same phenomena by comparing (1) the historical development of the pertinent thematic content of different paradigms,(2) the semantic or linguistic differences in the languages developed by different paradigms to discuss the same phenomena, and (3) the epistemological differences in acceptable answers to similar questions.