The Institutionalization of Zoology

美国的科学教育在很大程度上是基于德国的模式。对从事科学事业感兴趣的美国年轻人前往德国接受高等教育。这种做法一直延续到20世纪--例如，“原子弹之父”罗伯特·奥本海默在德国研究量子物理。因此，如果想了解美国的科学教育，就必须了解它起源于德国。德国科学发展研究的中心焦点是大学的科研院所。他们在19世纪最后三分之一的创造引发了一场被托马斯·库恩称为“第二次科学革命”的“制度革命”，因为它的重要性在于提供了一种组织结构，使现代显著的智力进步成为可能。到目前为止，大多数研究都是在物理、化学或生理学研究所进行的。里士满博士正在介绍慕尼黑大学动物学制度化的详细档案研究。慕尼黑是德国最大和最重要的动物学中心之一，拥有这一时期的所有主要研究项目：自然哲学、“科学”动物学和实验动物学。通过考察19世纪和20世纪初影响慕尼黑动物学发展的认知、制度和社会经济因素，这项研究提供了关于一个研究所运作的精细结构的新信息，其研究结果可以更广泛地应用于拓宽我们对动物学在其历史上这一关键时期的发展的理解。

Science education in the United States was largely based on models drawn from Germany. Young Americans interested in pursuing a career in science went to Germany for advanced education. This practice continued well into the 20th century--for example, Robert Oppenheimer, "father of the atomic bomb," studied quantum physics in Germany. Thus, if one wants to understand science education in America, one must understand its origins in Germany. A central focus in studies of the development of science in Germany are the scientific institutes of the universities. Their creation in the last third of the 19th century sparked an "institutional revolution" that Thomas Kuhn has called the "Second Scientific Revolution" owing to its importance for providing the organizational structure that made possible the remarkable intellectual advances of the modern era. To date, most studies have investigated the institutes of physics, chemistry, or physiology. Dr. Richmond is presenting a detailed archival study of the institutionalization of zoology in Munich University. One of the largest and most important centers of zoology in Germany, Munich harbored all of the major research programs of this period: Naturphilosophie, "scientific" zoology, and experimental zoology. By examining the cognitive, institutional, and socioeconomic factors that influenced the development of zoology in Munich over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the study provides new information about the fine structure of the operation of one institute, and its findings can be applied more generally to broaden our understanding of the development of zoology during this critical period in its history.