Doctoral Dissertation Research: How Movements Materialize: The Technology and Culture of Development Anthropology

科学史上对“应用社会科学”的研究太少了。研究它不仅需要对科学有充分的了解，而且需要对它所应用的文化有充分的了解。也许在其他领域中，科学与社会的相互作用比应用社会科学更清晰。Lynette Schumaker女士在库克利克博士的指导下，正在探索这一“应用”领域--发展人类学--在赞比亚1945-75年殖民末期和后殖民初期的发展。她的目标是展示发展科学运动是如何在一个开创性的人类学学派--以其理论进步而闻名的“曼彻斯特学派”--的技术、工作组织和实地实践中形成的。她的研究跟踪了发展人类学在其演变过程中的三个重要阶段。该研究的第一部分考虑了人类学在中部非洲环境中可用的模型和先例，并展示了人类学家如何在殖民政府积极的战后新发展战略中为他们的研究争取一席之地。第二部分着重于城市研究挑战带来的实地实践和技术的变化，并展示了人类学家、他们的助手和研究对象之间的关系是如何因非洲民族主义的兴起而改变的。第三部分论述了人类学的工作文化及其对国际发展组织工作文化的影响。它还评价人类学是一门殖民科学，以及它在将非洲和非洲人概念化为其他科学方面所发挥的作用。

"Applied social science" have been too little studied in the history of science. To study it requires full understanding not only of the science, but of the culture in which it is applied. In perhaps no other area is the mutual interaction of science and society clearer than in the applied social sciences. Ms. Lynette Schumaker, under the direction of Dr. Kuklick, is exploring the growth of such an "applied" area, developmental anthropology, in Zambia in the late colonial and early postcolonial periods, 1945- 75. She is aiming to show how the development science movement took material shape in the technology, work organization, and field practices of a path-breaking school of anthropology--the "Manchester School," famous for its theoretical advances. Her study follows development anthropology through three important stages in its evolution. The first part of the study considers the models and precedents available to anthropology in the Central African environment, and shows how anthropologists negotiated a place for their research in the colonial governments's aggressive new post-war development strategy. The second part focuses on changes in field practices and technology created by the challenges of urban research, and shows how the relationship between anthropologists, their assistants, and the subjects of research was transformed by the rise of African nationalism. The third part discusses the work culture of anthropology and its influence on the work culture of the international development organizations. It also appraises anthropology as a colonial science and the role it played in conceptualizing Africa and Africans for the other sciences.