Management and Operations of the Ocean Drilling Program

项目摘要 管理和操作的 海洋钻井程序9308410派尔大洋钻探计划(ODP)是一个国际项目海洋地球科学基础研究的国家科学基金会的支持下,Canada-Australia组成的一个财团,德意志联邦共和国,法国、日本、英国和欧洲科学基金会(代表比利时、丹麦、芬兰、希腊、冰岛、意大利、荷兰、挪威、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士和土耳其)。钻井作业开始于1985年1月，在最先进的海洋钻井船JOIDES RESOLUTION进行科学海洋钻探之后。该计划的前51个阶段研究了赤道和极地地区全球气候变化的历史、大陆裂谷的早期阶段、活动边缘沉积物中的流体流动以及海洋地壳的组成和变化。从挪威海、东赤道大西洋和威德尔海采集的沉积物样本记录了大约300万年前冰川条件的同步变化，标志着北半球冰川作用的开始。在南极边缘的钻探已经将大陆冰川作用的历史追溯到至少早渐新世，也可能是晚始新世，也就是4200万年前。西北印度洋的钻探结果被用来将季风环流的开始与喜马拉雅山的隆起联系起来。裂谷大陆边缘的地震反射记录经常记录平行的倾斜反射体。在挪威边缘的ODP钻探表明，这些反射物是在大陆裂谷期间形成的玄武岩流，随着裂谷的进行，化学成分逐渐从大陆转变为海洋。沿着安的列斯、秘鲁和日本海沟的钻探记录了流体输送对边缘沉积物变形和蚀变的重要性。钻井和仪器技术的新发展使得对未沉积的海洋地壳取心成为可能。在印度洋西南部一个500米深的海底地壳岩心记录了沿印度洋扩张中心岩浆房的连续形成和凝固过程。最令人惊讶的是这些下地壳岩石的高磁化强度，这与现有的海底磁异常形成模型不一致。在东赤道太平洋，石油开发计划署已经开始尝试使用采矿钻探技术来钻探年轻的海底。虽然最初的钻井结果令人失望，但这项海洋钻井新技术的发展将继续下去。部署用于长期测量地壳状况和过程的井下仪器包是该计划的一个重要目标。近年来，与全球地震台网规划的密切合作，已经在ODP钻孔中初步部署了长周期数字地震仪。温度和压力传感器已被部署在太平洋东北部胡安德富卡海岭活跃热液系统的钻孔中。来自这些仪器的数据正在使用潜水器和远程车辆进行回收。海洋钻探计划于1993年初开始在大西洋进行为期四年的钻探计划。这一时期要解决的主要科学问题包括：新近纪北极的海洋学和气候变化，裂谷和火山大陆边缘的形成，赤道环流和生产力的变化，下洋壳的组成，第三纪非冰期海平面波动的历史，以及大西洋中脊沿线富金属硫化物矿床的形成。海洋钻探项目是通过与联合海洋研究所（JOI）签订的合同进行管理的。JOI与德克萨斯a&m大学签订了分包合同，以管理JOIDES RESOLUTION上的科学支持和钻井作业，并与Lamont-Doherty地质观测站签订了分包合同，以管理测井作业。该计划的科学建议和指导是通过国际科学组织——联合海洋研究所深层地球采样（JOIDES）向JOI提供的。ODP钻探的长期方向是由JOIDES发起的科学海洋钻探会议（COSOD）确定的。最近的一次国际会议于1987年举行，来自20个国家的350多名科学家参加了会议。短期规划是由JOIDES的咨询结构演变而来的，该结构由15个小组和委员会组成，共有大约250名成员。实际钻探地点的选择是根据国际科学界个人向JOIDES提交的钻探建议作出的。作为科学运营者，德州农工大学的职责是从世界海洋底部收集岩心，并确保有足够的科学设备来分析和保存这些样本。为了履行这一义务，德州A&amp；M公司：(1)签订了在JOIDES RESOLUTION钻井作业的合同；(2)制定作业计划和钻井进度；（三）配备科学技术人员；（四）维护船上实验室和设备；（五）样品的保管、归档和分发；(6)出版《海洋钻探计划论文集》，总结该计划的科学成果；(7)开发新的钻井和取芯技术，以解决JOIDES开发的科学计划。拉蒙特-多尔蒂地质观测站的职责是提供一整套地球化学和地球物理服务，包括获取、处理和传播现场测井测量结果。常规测井服务由斯伦贝谢海上服务公司执行。* * *

Project Abstract Management and Operations of the Ocean Drilling Program 9308410 Pyle The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) is an international program of basic research in the marine geosciences supported by the National Science Foundation, a consortium of Canada-Australia, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the European Science Foundation (representing Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey). Drilling operations began in January, 1985, following conversion of a state-of-the-art ocean drilling vessel, the JOIDES RESOLUTION, for scientific ocean drilling. The first 51 legs of the program have examined the history of global climate change in the equatorial and polar regions, the early stages of continental rifting, fluid flow in sediments of active margins, and the composition and alteration of the oceanic crust. Sediment samples cored from the Norwegian Sea, eastern equatorial Atlantic, and Weddell Sea record synchronous change to glacial conditions approximately 3 million years ago which marked the beginning of northern hemisphere glaciation. Drilling on the Antarctic margin has traced the history of continental glaciation back to at least the early Oligocene and possibly late Eocene, 42 million years ago. Drilling results in the northwest Indian Ocean are being used to correlate the initiation of monsoon circulation with uplift of the Himalayas. Seismic reflection records from rifted continental margins often record parallel, dipping reflectors. ODP drilling on the Norwegian margin has shown that these reflectors are basalt flows that form during continental rifting and gradually change in chemistry from continental to oceanic as rifting proceeds. Drilling along the Antilles, Peruvian, and Japanese trenches has documented the importance of fluid transport to the deformation and alteration of margin sediments. New ODP developments in drilling and instrument technology have allowed coring of unsedimented oceanic crust. A 500-meter core into the lower oceanic crust in the southwest Indian Ocean records the successive formation and solidification of magma chambers along the Indian Ocean spreading center. A major surprise was the high magnetization of these lower crustal rocks, which is at odds with existing models for the formation of sea-floor magnetic anomalies. In the eastern equatorial Pacific ODP has initiated attempts to use mining drilling techniques to drill young ocean floor. Although the initial drilling results were disappointing, development of this new technology for ocean drilling will be continued. Deployment of down-hole instrument packages for long-term measurement of crustal conditions and processes are an important objective of the program. In recent years, close collaboration with Global Seismic Network planning has lead to initial deployment of long-period, digital seismometers in ODP boreholes. Temperature and pressure sensors have been deployed in holes drilled into an active hydrothermal system on the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the northeast Pacific. Data from these instruments are being recovered using submersibles and remote vehicles. The Ocean Drilling Program began a four year drilling program in the Atlantic Ocean in early 1993. The major scientific problems to be addressed during this period include oceanographic and climate change of the Arctic during the Neogene, the formation of rifted and volcanic continental margins, changes in equatorial circulation and productivity, the composition of the lower oceanic crust, the history of sea-level fluctuations during non-glacial periods of the Tertiary, and the formation of metal-rich sulfide deposits along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Ocean Drilling Program is managed through a contract with the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. (JOI). JOI has subcontracts with Texas A&M University for management of scientific support and drilling operations aboard the JOIDES RESOLUTION, and with Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory for management of logging operations. Scientific advice and direction for the program are provided to JOI through the international scientific organization, Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES). The long term directions for ODP drilling are established by JOIDES initiated Conferences on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD). The most recent of these international meetings was held in 1987 and was attended by over 350 scientists from 20 nations. Shorter term planning evolves from the JOIDES advisory structure composed of 15 panels and committees with approximately 250 total members. The selection of actual drilling sites is in response to drilling proposals submitted to JOIDES by individuals in the international scientific community. The responsibility of Texas A&M as science operator is to collect cores from beneath the floors of the world's oceans and to assure that adequate scientific facilities are available for the analysis and preservation of these samples. In fulfilling this obligation, Texas A&M: (1) contracts for drilling operations on the JOIDES RESOLUTION; (2) develops operation plans and drilling schedules; (3) staffs the ship with scientific personnel and technicians; (4) maintains shipboard laboratories and equipment; (5) Stores, archives and disseminates samples; (6) publishes the Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program which summarize the scientific results of the program, and (7) develops new drilling and coring technology required to address the scientific program developed by JOIDES. The responsibility of the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory is to supply a full suite of geochemical and geophysical services which involve the acquisition, processing, and dissemination of in situ logging measurements. Routine logging services are performed by Schlumberger Offshore Services. ***