Need for Closure Effects on Interpersonal Phenomena

9417422将在三年内进行九个实验。他们测试了动机社会认知模型的预测，在该模型中，主要角色被赋予认知闭合的需要(Kruglanski，1990)。关闭的需要代表了对坚定知识的渴望。它对社会认知的影响被认为是由两种广泛的倾向所调节的，即追求即时性和满足感的安全感。即时性倾向意味着，在迫切需要结案的情况下，倾向于“抓住”早期的假设，以及安全倾向，即“冻结”这些假设，并相对不受后续信息的影响。本研究将该模型应用于人际分析层面上的三个主要问题：说服、社会感知准确性和沟通。因此，有三个专题项目分别针对这些问题领域。项目1包括三个实验，研究高(或低)封闭需求的个体被他人说服和说服的过程。项目2包括三个实验，测试假设的不同方面，即在某些情况下，关闭的需要可以增加社会感知的准确性，以及有这种需求的个人被其他人准确感知的程度。项目3包括三项研究，旨在测试封闭效应对交际者倾向的影响，以考虑到社会话语的对话语境和受众特征。本研究的方法论方法采用了多重操作主义的原则来评估或操纵关闭的必要性。因此，封闭的需要将(1)作为个体差异维度进行评估，并通过(2)环境噪音、(3)任务吸引力、(4)精神疲劳和(5)准确性指令来操纵。本研究的主要意义在于探索受不同情境条件和人格倾向影响的动机社会认知过程如何影响说服、社会感知、准确性和沟通等社会心理现象。这项研究探索了当代城市环境中普遍存在的各种压力源如何影响个体的判断和决策过程。此外，由于判断和决策通常发生在社交环境中，这些压力源可能会间接影响个人与他人互动的方式。一般说来，人们认为不同的应激源会导致一种封闭的倾向，在这里被称为“认知封闭的需要”。在本项目中评估的主要应激源将是(1)环境噪音，(2)精神疲劳，(3)无聊和乏味的任务。个人稳定的封闭倾向也将通过专门为此开发的量表进行评估。最后，我们将调查在多大程度上封闭的倾向可以被判断的准确性目标所抵消。本研究将从封闭需要的角度考察三个人际过程：说服、社会感知和交流。它承诺查明在社会背景下限制判断和决策效力的环境条件，从而指出开展这些活动的可能改善条件。

9417422 Nine experiments will be executed over a three year period. They test predictions of a motivated social cognition model in which a major role is accorded the need for cognitive closure (Kruglanski, 1990). The need for closure represents a desire for firm knowledge. Its effects on social cognition are assumed to be mediated by two broad tendencies, toward immediacy and security of gratification. The immediacy-tendency implies the inclination, under heightened need for closure to "seize" on early hypotheses, and the security tendency to "freeze" upon them and stay relatively impervious to subsequent information. The proposed research applies the model to three major issues at the interpersonal level of analysis: persuasion, social perception accuracy and communication. Accordingly, three thematic projects are devoted respectively to these problem areas. Project 1 includes three experiments on the process whereby individuals under high (versus low) need for closure are persuaded by, and persuade, others. Project 2 includes three experiments testing various aspects of the hypothesis that need for closure may in some conditions increase the accuracy of social perception as well as the extent to which individuals with such need are accurately perceived by others. Project 3 includes three studies testing need for closure effects on communicators' tendency to take into account the conversational context of social discourse and audience characteristics. The methodological approach in the present research adopts the principle of multiple operationalism in assessing or manipulating the need for closure. Accordingly, need for closure will be (1) assessed as an individual difference dimension, and manipulated via (2) environmental noise, (3) task attractiveness, (4) mental fatigue and (5) accuracy instructions. The major significance of the project lies in exploring how the process of motivated social cognition, affected by diverse situational conditions and personality tendencies, may impact fund amental social psychological phenomena as persuasion social perception accuracy, and communication. This research explores the way various stressors pervasively present in contemporary urban settings affect individuals judgment and decision making processes. Furthermore, because judgment and decision making typically occur in social interaction contexts those stressors may indirectly affect the way individuals interact with each other. Generally, it is assumed that the various stressors induce a tendency toward closed-mindedness, referred to here as the "need for cognitive closure". The major stressors assessed in the present project will be (1) environmental noise, (2) mental fatigue, (3) boredom and dullness of tasks. Individuals' stable tendency toward close-mindedness will also be assessed via a scale developed especially for this purpose. Finally, we shall investigate the degree to which the inclination toward close mindedness can be counteracted by the goal of accuracy in judgment. The research will investigate three interpersonal processes from the need for closure perspective: persuasion, social perception and communication. It promises to identify the environmental conditions that limit the efficacy of judgment and decision making in social contexts, hence to point to possible ameliorating conditions for carrying out these activities.