Numerical and Theoretical Studies of the Structure of Active Galactic Nuclei, the Formation of Galaxies, Dark Matter, and Gamma Ray Bursts

9422216威廉姆斯将要开展的研究将对以下方面产生影响：(1)河外天文学：研究类星体和其他活动星系核的结构和能量产生；(2)宇宙学：研究早期宇宙中星系的形成；(3)星系天文学和宇宙学的结合：暗物质和伽马射线爆发。该项目涉及理论、数值和统计调查。在这个项目的第一部分中，我们使用了广义相对论超大质量Kerr-Newman黑洞的物理学来模拟活动星系核。彭罗斯过程的蒙特卡罗模拟被用来模拟从电动层中提取能量；大尺度电磁场被用来产生急流。在第二部分中，弗里德曼宇宙学中的电磁场和引力场被用来模拟超大质量恒星的形成，时间接近早期宇宙的复合时间。在第三部分中，排放可以忽略不计的低能黑洞将被用来模拟宇宙中的暗物质。最后，在第四部分中，使用经历活动和非活动阶段的黑洞来模拟伽马射线爆发。这项研究的目的是(1)证明科尔-纽曼黑洞可以解释活动星系核的能量来源；(2)展示旋转、磁场和粒子-场相互作用如何产生必要的引力不稳定性，这是早期宇宙中形成大约1000万太阳质量的超大质量恒星所必需的(这些恒星可能是被认为为活动星系核提供能量的超大质量黑洞的祖先)；(3)证明使用黑洞来模拟宇宙中两种鲜为人知的现象：暗物质和伽马射线爆发，可以在解释原始源的性质方面给出有希望的结果。

9422216 Williams The research to be carried out will have an impact on (1) extragalactic astronomy: the structure and energy generation of quasars and other active galactic nuclei (AGN) are investigated, on (2) cosmology: the formation of galaxies in the early Universe are investigated, and on (3) a combination of galactic astronomy and cosmology: dark matter and gamma-ray bursts are investigated. The project involves theoretical, numerical, and statistical investigations. In Part I of this project, the physics of general relativistic, supermassive Kerr-Newman black holes are used to model AGN. Monte Carlo simulations of Penrose processes are used to model the extraction of energy from the ergosphere; and large scale electromagnetic fields are used to generate the jets. In Part II, electromagnetic and gravitational fields in a Friedmann cosmology are used to model the formation of supermassive stars, near the time of recombination in the early Universe. In Part III, low energy black holes of negligible emissions will be used to model dark matter in the Universe. Finally, in Part IV, black holes that undergo periods of being active and inactive are used to model gamma-ray bursters. The objective of the research is (1) to show that the Kerr-Newman black holes can explain the energy source of AGN; (2) to show how rotation, magnetic fields, and particle-field interactions can produce the necessary gravitational instabilities needed in the early Universe to allow the formation of supermassive stars of approximately 10 Million Solar masses (these stars could be the progenitors of the supermassive black holes believed to power AGN); and (3) to show that using black holes to model two poorly understood phenomena in the Universe: dark matter and gamma-ray bursts, can give promising results in explaining the nature of the original sources.