Types and Tokens in Dynamic Object Identification

9617274亨德森视觉感知是一个动态的过程：投射到眼球后部(视网膜)感受器表面的世界的二维图像因眼睛、头部、身体和物体的运动而处于不断变化的状态。这些变化导致视网膜图像的二维几何变换(例如，当以一定角度看到时，矩形门投射梯形图像)、图像的大小变换(例如，对象在更远的地方投射较小的图像)以及图像中的时间间隙(例如，当对象移动到另一对象的后面时，对象从图像中消失)。此外，由于我们的眼睛在快速、离散的跳动(称为扫视)中运动，而且视觉系统在这些运动中实际上是盲目的(信息只在运动之间的凝视停顿期间获得)，整个图像每秒大约消失三次。然而，尽管所有这些变化和变化，我们体验到的是一个恒定、稳定的视觉世界。这项研究关注的是我们在面对高度波动的视觉图像时，如何能够体验视觉对象的稳定性，特别是在眼球跳动的情况下。指导这项研究的理论框架认为，视觉系统使用两种内部表征来维持对象的视觉恒定性，一种是对对象的相对抽象的描述(即，对象类型)，另一种是与对象的空间位置相关的更真实的表征，其包括关于对象的更具体的视觉细节(即，对象令牌)。实验将使用预览范式，参与者在第一次注视时会看到一张图像，在随后的注视中会看到第二张图像。由于从第一个图像到第二个图像的变化将发生在扫视过程中，因此不会被直接感知。操纵第一个图像与第二个图像的相似性将使马可能够确定视觉系统在扫视过程中获取和保留的信息的性质。然后，这项研究将能够解决五个问题：(1)在动态识别真实世界对象的过程中，眼跳运动中保留了什么信息？(2)关于眼跳运动中对象的信息与其空间位置是如何相关的？(3)对象类型和对象标记是否代表了相同类型的信息？(4)用于表示眼跳中对象位置的空间参照系(S)的性质是什么？(5)对象恒定在眼跳运动和单眼注视中的作用相似吗？对在眼跳运动中维持视觉稳定性所涉及的过程的了解应有助于改进图形显示系统的设计，包括虚拟现实系统，以及改进的人工视觉系统的开发，特别是那些试图随着时间的推移动态整合视觉信息的系统。最后，这项研究应该有助于理解导致无法识别物体和场景的视觉障碍(视觉失认)。***

9617274 HENDERSON Visual perception is a dynamic process: The two-dimensional image of the world projected onto the receptor surface at the back of the eyeball (the retina) is in a constant state of change due to eye, head, body, and object movements. These changes lead to two-dimensional geometric transformations of the retinal image (e.g., a rectangular door projects a trapezoidal image when it is seen at an angle), size transformations of the image (e.g., an object projects a smaller image when farther away), and temporal gaps in the image (e.g., an object disappears from the image when it moves behind another object). In addition, because our eyes move in rapid, discrete jerks (called saccades), and because the visual system is effectively blind during those movements (information is acquired only during fixational pauses between the movements), the entire image disappears about three times every second. Yet, in spite of all of this change and variation, we experience a constant, stable visual world. This research is concerned with the way we are able to experience visual object constancy, particularly across saccadic eye movements, in the face of the highly fluctuating visual image with which we are presented. The theoretical framework guiding the research holds that the visual system maintains visual constancy for objects using two sorts of internal representations, a relatively abstract description of the object (i.e., an object type), and a more veridical representation that is tied to the object's spatial location and that includes more specific visual details about the object (i.e., an object token). Experiments will use the preview paradigm, in which participants will see one image during a first fixation, and a second image during a subsequent fixation. Since the ahange from the first to the second image will take place during a saccade, it will not be directly perceived. Manipulation of the similarity of the first image to the second will ma ke it possible to determine the nature of the information that the visual system acquires and retains across a saccade. The research will then be able to address five questions: (1) What kind of information is preserved across saccadic eye movements during dynamic identification of real- world objects? (2) How is the information about an object preserved across a saccade related to its spatial position? (3) Do object types and object tokens represent the same sorts of information? (4) What is the nature of the spatial reference frame(s) used to represent object position across a saccade? (5) Does object constancy operate similarly across saccadic eye movements and within a single eye fixation? An understanding of the processes involved in maintaining visual constancy across saccadic eye movements should allow for improved design of graphical display systems, including virtual reality systems, as well as for the development of improved artificial vision systems, particularly those that attempt to integrate visual information dynamically over time. Finally, this research should contribute toward understanding of visual impairments that lead to an inability to recognize objects and scenes (visual agnosia). ***