RPG: The Evolution of Mixed Sex Allocation Patterns: A Comparative, Phylogenetic Approach

Colette M.圣玛丽9707609 摘要 性别分配理论提供了一个强有力的概念框架， 为了了解大范围生物的分配模式， 包括那些有不同性别的，以及那些 雌雄同体 然而，有一些生物体， 显然是不够的。 两种温带鱼类的个体 （Lythrypnus（L.）dalli和L.斑马）同时 把精力都用在男性和女性的功能上，尽管它们通过 一次只能有一种性别 此外，性腺分配随身体大小而变化 (i.e.,个体遗传学）。 这种性别分配的总体模式不可能是 根据现有理论解释。 PI最近的理论工作， 这一领域表明，改变性别的成本在这一过程中起着重要作用。 这些混合策略的演变。 为了检验这一假设，PI将 对整个性别分配模式进行详细审查， 千屈菜属 这将在一个明确的历史 背景下，整合研究重点是系统发育重建和 旨在量化重新分配成本的实地和实验室实验， 分配和行为的相关模式。 Lythrypnus 包括20种，分布在温带和热带海域， 包括东太平洋、大西洋和加勒比海。 五种 最近进行了组织学检查。 都是同时发生的 雌雄同体;然而，它们在性模式上有显著差异。 在本提案的背景下，PI将开始收集 了解复杂分配演变所需的额外数据 两性生物的模式。 总体方案目标包括：1） 基于分子数据开发Lythrypnus的系统发育; 2） 记录了Lythrypnus的性模式变化（即， 性别分配的个体发育和个体间变异）; 3） 应用现场和实验室实验来量化 性的灵活性，每个性功能的成本和收益，以及 重新分配的成本。 最后，私家侦探将绘制性模式和潜力 选择性的因素，以提供一个综合的测试， 从PI的动态模型产生的假设。 这项工作和这类研究提供了一个基本的了解两性物种的性别分配模式。 许多鱼类、无脊椎动物和植物都是雌雄同体的，我们对这些物种的管理、捕捞和控制是基于对它们的性和交配系统的了解。

Colette M. St. Mary 9707609 ABSTRACT Sex allocation theory has provided a powerful conceptual framework from which to understand allocation patterns in a wide range of organisms, included those that have separate sexes, as well as those that are hermaphroditic. However, there are some organisms for which current theory is clearly inadequate. Individuals of two temperate species of fish (gobies) in the genus Lythrypnus (L. dalli and L. zebra) simultaneously devote energy to both male and female functions, although they reproduce via only one sex at a time. Further, gonadal allocation varies with body size (i.e., ontogenetically). This overall pattern of sex allocation cannot be explained by reference to existing theory. The PI's recent theoretical work in this area suggests that costs of changing sex plays an important role in the evolution of these mixed strategies. To examine this hypothesis the PI will conduct a detailed examination of the pattern of sex allocation throughout the genus Lythrypnus. This will be done in an explicitly historical context, integrating studies focused on phylogenetic reconstruction and field and lab experiments designed to quantify the costs of reallocation and associated patterns of allocation and behavior. The genus Lythrypnus includes 20 species, which range over both temperate and tropical seas, including the eastern Pacific, the Atlantic and the Caribbean. Five species have been recently examined histologically. All are simultaneous hermaphrodites; however, they differ significantly in sexual pattern. Within the context of this proposal the PI will initate collection of the additional data needed to understand the evolution of complex allocation patterns in hermaphroditic organisms. The overall program goals include 1) development of a phylogeny for Lythrypnus based on molecular data; 2) documentation of variation in sexual patterns in Lythrypnus (i.e., ontogenetic and among-individ ual variation in sex allocation); and 3) application of field and laboratory experiments to quantify the degree of sexual flexibility, the costs and benefits of each sexual function, and the costs of reallocation. Ultimately, the PI will map sexual patterns and potential selective factors onto the phylogeny to provide an integrated test of the hypothesis generated from the PI's dynamic model. This work and studies of this sort provide a basic understanding of sex allocation patterns in hermaphroditic species. Many fishes, invertebrates and plants are hermaphroditic and our management, harvesting and control of such species is predicated on an understanding of their sexual and mating systems.