Farming systems and land use from Neolithic to 1800 AD in their mutual interactions with population size

该项目旨在模拟新石器时代和向工业革命过渡期间人口密度为人熟知的选定时期的农业系统。这些设想是基于考古和历史观察以及考古植物学和考古学数据。中欧新石器时代早期和公元1800年的模型现已完成，文本准备出版。与上次报告相比，增加了能源需求模块、采集植物模块和带状场地位置模块，并可以增强畜牧业数据库。此外，还必须记录下两个目标时间片的数据，分别是铁器时代和罗马帝国。平均能源需求(千卡/人/天)是通过评估考虑到年龄和性别的人口生命表得出的，这些人口来自项目所考虑的所有时期(应用ABB。1)。在收集的植物模块中，首先计算了新石器时代早期食物中包括的营养物质、维生素和矿物质的平衡表，包括植物和动物的能量需求。根据A.S.基恩1981年为北美林地编制的这些植物的产量，相当准确地用浆果和榛子来弥补剩余的赤字是可能的。只剩下少量的盐短缺(0.5g/P/天)。模块--带状视野的位置--是基于对生产必要食物所需空间的计算，根据带状区域内不同密度的不同而有所区别。将一个较早发表的以空间最小为目标的版本与一个新的具有Flowers的最大场大小的方案进行了比较。本质上的区别在Tab中汇编。1，并在Abb中可视化。4和5.即使20%的能源需求是由动物产品提供的，也只有不到70%的可用空间被利用。假设弗洛斯对动物有吸引力，它们的粪便使土壤肥沃，那么氮素的数量只达到今天有机农业允许的5%的数量级。在新石器时代早期，只有0.2%的土地被用作田地，而在公元1800年，莱茵兰40%的空间是田地(报告第4.3章，教宗)。54)。

This project aims at modelling farming systems from selected periods with well-known population densities between the Neolithic and the transition to the Industrial Revolution. The scenarios are based on archaeological as well as historical observations and on archaeobotanical as well as archaeozoological data. The models for early Neolithic in Central Europe and the time of 1800 AD are completed now with a text ready for publication. Compared with the last report the modules -energy demand-, -collected plants-, and -location of bandkeramic fields- were added and the database concerning animal husbandry could be enhanced. In addition, data for the next two target time slices had to be recorded, for the Iron Age as well as the Roman Empire. Average energy demand (kcal / person / day) was derived by evaluation of life tables considering age and sex within populations from all periods considered by the project (application Abb. 1). Within the module -collected plants-, first a balance sheet of nutrients, vitamins and minerals included in the foodstuffs of early Neolithic covering the energy demand from plants and animals was calculated. It is possible to cover the remaining deficits by berries and hazel nuts quite accurately for the population density of this time according to yields for these plants compiled by A. S. Keene 1981 for the North American woodland. Only a small shortage of salt remains (0,5g/P/day). The module -location of bandkeramic fields- is based on calculations of space needed to produce the necessary foodstuffs, differentiated concerning different densities within the Bandkeramik. An earlier published version aiming at minimal space is compared with a new scenario of maximal field size with fallows. The essential differences are compiled in Tab. 1 and visualized in Abb. 4 and 5. Even if 20% of energy demand are delivered by animal products only less than 70% of the space available is used. Assuming that fallows were attractive for animals and their dung fertilises the soil, the amount of nitrogen reaches only a magnitude of 5% of the allowance for organic farming today. In the early Neolithic only 0,2% of the space were used for fields, whereas at 1800 AD more the 40% of the space in the Rhineland is fields (report chapter 4.3, Abb. 54).